ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2023
Early Immunotherapy and Longer Corticosteroid Treatment Are Associated With Lower Risk of Relapsing Disease Course in Pediatric MOGAD.
Open access · goldAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed
8.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Optimal strategies for treatment discontinuation in MOG antibody-associated disease.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Anti-CD20 Therapies in Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes: Evidence Across MS, AQP4-IgG-Positive NMOSD and MOGAD.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Clinical risk factors for recurrence in adult-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- MOGAD Is the Most Common Cause of Isolated Optic Neuritis in Children.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Prediction of relapse in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: external validation of the MOG-AR score.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- A rare presentation of pediatric MOG-antibody-associated neuroretinitis: a case report.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Article
- MOG-IgG-associated encephalitis and bronchopneumonia in a child with negative infection screening: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Retrospective analysis of the clinical features of 12 cases of MOG antibody-associated aseptic meningitis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- MOGAD: A Shifting Landscape-From Pathogenesis to Personalised Management, Global Perspectives and Latin American Insights.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Pathophysiology, Clinical Patterns, and Therapeutic Challenges of Intractable and Severe Forms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Clinical, Genetic, EEG, Neuroimaging Insights and Conservative Treatment in Pediatric Focal Epilepsy: A Retrospective Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The nomogram model predicts relapse risk in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a single-center study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Pediatric MOG antibody-positive encephalitis with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging: a new spectrum associated with MOG antibodies?Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and factors associated with recurrence and long-term prognosis in patients with MOGAD.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The Importance of Bright Spotty Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Myelitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
47 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Margherita NosadiniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy. margherita.nosadini@gmail.com.
Michael EyreFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Thea GiacominiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7802-8789
Massimiliano ValerianiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-6602-103X
Marida Della CorteFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Andrea D PraticòFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Pietro AnnovazziFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Ramona CordaniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Duccio Maria CordelliFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Giovanni CrichiuttiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Gabriella Di RosaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Valentina DolcemascoloFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Anna FettaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0175-6486
Elena FreriFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-2293-8687
Paolo GalloFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Matteo GastaldiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Tiziana GranataFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Luisa GrazianFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Raffaele IorioFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Martina LombardiniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Monica MargoniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Sara MariottoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Sara MatricardiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Federico MelaniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Nardo NardocciFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Laura PapettiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Alice PassariniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Francesco PisaniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Chiara Po'From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Marco PuthenparampilFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Francesca RagonaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Salvatore SavastaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Sabrina SiliquiniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Irene ToldoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Alessandra TozzoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Emanuela Claudia TurcoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Antonio VaroneFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Alberto VogrigFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Luigi ZulianiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Samuela BuginFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Sara RossatoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Alessandro OrsiniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Gaetano CantalupoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1343-8434
Maria Margherita MancardiFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Michela Ada Noris FerilliFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
Thomas FoiadelliFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0961-428X
Stefano SartoriFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
King's College London · GB
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesWe sought to identify early factors associated with relapse and outcome in paediatric-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD).
methodsIn a multicenter retrospective cohort of pediatric MOGAD (≤18 years), onset features and treatment were compared in patients with monophasic vs relapsing disease (including cases with follow-up ≥12 months after onset or relapse at any time) and in patients with final Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0 vs ≥1 at last follow-up (including cases with follow-up >3 months after last event or EDSS0 at any time). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with relapsing disease course and EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up.
resultsSeventy-five children were included (median onset age 7 years; median 30 months of follow-up). Presentation with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was more frequent in children aged 8 years or younger (66.7%, 28/42) than in older patients (30.3%, 10/33) ( DISCUSSION: At first attack of pediatric MOGAD, early immunotherapy, longer duration of corticosteroid treatment, and abnormal optic nerves on MRI seem associated with lower risk of relapse, whereas higher disease severity is associated with greater risk of final disability (EDSS ≥ 1).
Indexed as
Immunologic FactorsImmunotherapyAdrenal Cortex HormonesDisease ProgressionHumansRecurrenceRetrospective StudiesAdrenal Cortex HormonesImmunologic Factors
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