ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2023
Current Challenges With the Use of Test-Negative Designs for Modeling COVID-19 Vaccination and Outcomes.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Head-to-head comparison of influenza vaccines in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Validating and leveraging non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection as a negative control outcome in a phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trial with extended observational follow-up.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Trial
- Improving Assessment of Vaccine Effectiveness by Coupling Test-negative Design Studies with Survival Models.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Integrating Genomic Data into Test-negative Designs for Estimating Lineage-specific COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Improving Assessment of Vaccine Effectiveness by Coupling Test-Negative Design Studies with Survival Models.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Protection from second booster vaccines and natural immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infections, 2022-2023.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Observational
- The potential bias introduced into COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies at primary care level due to the availability of SARS-CoV-2 tests in the general population.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Potential biases in test-negative design studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness arising from the inclusion of asymptomatic individuals.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- A Double Machine Learning Approach for the Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Under the Test-Negative Design: Analysis of Québec Administrative Data.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Uncertainty in COVID-19 transmission could undermine our ability to predict long COVID.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Article
- Bias and negative values of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness estimates from a test-negative design without controlling for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Regression-Based Proximal Causal Inference.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Building the U.S. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness program: Past successes and future directions.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Effect of second booster vaccinations and prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 in the UK SIREN healthcare worker cohort.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- Biases in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies using cohort design.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Design and analysis heterogeneity in observational studies of COVID-19 booster effectiveness: A review and case study.Science advances · 2023Review
- Design and Analysis Heterogeneity in Observational Studies of COVID-19 Booster Effectiveness: A Review and Case Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The widespread testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has facilitated the use of test-negative designs (TNDs) for modeling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and outcomes. Despite the comprehensive literature on TND, the use of TND in COVID-19 studies is relatively new and calls for robust design and analysis to adapt to a rapidly changing and dynamically evolving pandemic and to account for changes in testing and reporting practices. In this commentary, we aim to draw the attention of researchers to COVID-specific challenges in using TND as we are analyzing data amassed over more than two years of the pandemic. We first review when and why TND works and general challenges in TND studies presented in the literature. We then discuss COVID-specific challenges which have not received adequate acknowledgment but may add to the risk of invalid conclusions in TND studies of COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.