ArticleEuropean journal of clinical pharmacology2023
Prevalence trends and individual patterns of ADHD medication use in pregnancy in Norway and Sweden, 2010-2019.
Article in European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- In utero exposure to methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders - a population-based cohort study and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Unmasking Potential Impacts of Parent and Coparent ADHD on Mental Health in the First Year Postpartum.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication use and cardiometabolic conditions in pregnancy: a population-based cohort study.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- Psychotropic Medication Exposure via Breast Milk: A Population-Based Descriptive Study in Denmark.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2025Article
- A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Review
- Prevalence Trends and Patterns of Perinatal ADHD Stimulant Medication Use in British Columbia, Canada.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Temporal Trends of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Fills During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Denmark.Paediatric drugs · 2025Article
- Article
- Investigating maternal and neonatal health outcomes associated with continuing or ceasing dexamphetamine treatment for women with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Article
- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Medication Use Trajectories Among Women in the Perinatal Period.CNS drugs · 2024Article
- Quantification of ADHD medication in biological fluids of pregnant and breastfeeding women with liquid chromatography: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to describe recent trends in ADHD medication use in pregnancy in Norway and Sweden, including prevalence, individual characteristics, and patterns of use.
methodsWe studied ADHD medication use (amphetamine, dexamphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, guanfacine) by year and age in pregnancies from 2010 to 2019 identified from the medical birth registers (gestational age ≥ 22 weeks) linked to prescribed drug registers (Norway, N = 577,116; Sweden, N = 1,118,988). We compared characteristics of those who used any ADHD medication in pregnancy to no use in pregnancy. Discontinuation was defined as no use after first trimester.
resultsADHD medication use increased from 2010 to 2019 by 3.0 users per 1000 pregnancies in Norway (from 2.5 to 5.5/1000) and by 6.3 per 1000 in Sweden (from 1.6 to 7.9/1000), mainly driven by methylphenidate and since 2015 by lisdexamfetamine. Medication use has increased among pregnant individuals of all age groups, with higher use among the youngest. Pregnant individuals who used ADHD medication were less likely to be married/cohabiting, more likely be nulliparous and to smoke. They had particularly high use of co-medication with antidepressants, anxiolytics/hypnotics, and opioids: 42% in Norway and 65% in Sweden used at least one additional class of psychotropic medication. Most individuals discontinued ADHD medication in pregnancy (85% Norway, 78% Sweden).
conclusionADHD medication use during pregnancy increased in Norway and Sweden in the last decade. However, discontinuation rates during pregnancy were high. Those who used ADHD medication had more risk factors for pregnancy complications including low parity, smoking, and other psychotropic drug use.
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