ArticleBMC public health2022
Association between percentage of smokers and prevalence of smoking attributable morbidity in Indonesia: one decade after implementation of smoke-free area regulation.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Global burden and trends of rheumatoid arthritis attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 with forecasts to 2050.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Smoking Cessation in Underdeveloped Areas of Indonesia.Journal of research in health sciences · 2026Article
- Opportunities for improvement of community-based non-communicable disease screening practices in Indonesia: a participant satisfaction survey.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- The burden and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Asia and its countries from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on the 2021 global burden of disease study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Contribution of smoking to the global burden of bladder cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2046.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Association between long-term PMEnvironmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Impact of global smoking prevalence on mortality: a study across income groups.BMC public health · 2024Article
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6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFor more than ten years, Indonesia has health law, one of which states that local governments are mandated to establish Smoke Free Area (SFA). The results of 2018 National Basic Health Research shows tobacco consumption is still quite high and increasing compared to the results of 2007 and 2013 National Basic Health Research. The burden of disease in Indonesia is increasing every year.
methodsThis study aims to describe SFA regulation and analyze the relationship between the percentage of smokers and the prevalence of smoking attributable morbidity. Data from the 2018 Basic Health Research in Indonesia with the number of units of analysis were 514 districts and cities level. The design of the study was cross-sectional study. The variables analyzed were the percentage of smokers, the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), pneumonia, lung tuberculosis, asthma, and mental emotional disorders. Geographical mapping of the distribution of District/City with Smoking-Free Areas was made using QGIS 3·16.
resultsAround 72% of districts/cities in Indonesia already had local regulations of SFA after more than ten years implementation of the regulation of the health law. There was a significant relationship between the high percentage of smokers and the high prevalence of diabetes (p value: 0·000, PR: 1·342, 95%CI 1·135 to 1·587), hypertension (p value: 0·000, PR 1·631, 95%CI 1·252 to 2·124), and lung tuberculosis (p value: 0·008, PR 1·219, 95%CI 1·049 to 1·417) at the District/City level. However, there was no significant association between URTI, pneumonia, asthma, and mental emotional disorders.
conclusionThe percentage of smokers in an area was associated with diabetes, hypertension, and lung tuberculosis. The implementation of Smoke Free Area should be evaluated.
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