SynthesisFrontiers in neurology2022
Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of facial synkinesis: A systematic review and clinical practice recommendations by the international head and neck scientific group.
Synthesis in Frontiers in neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment Strategy for Oral-Ocular Synkinesis Following Facial Nerve Palsy: A Clinical Classification Based on the Palpebral Fissure Ratio.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Motor Aberrant Reinnervation Sequelae in Postparalytic Facial Synkinesis: A 35-year Evolution of Surgical Strategy.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Review
- Evidence summary: facial nerve rehabilitationtraining management for patients with peripheral facial paralysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Home-based Functional Electrical Stimulation for Treatment of Patients with Facial Nerve Paralysis.Restorative neurology and neuroscience · 2026Article
- Bilateral muscle activation in postparalytic facial synkinesis: a cross-sectional high-resolution surface electromyography study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Abnormal Activation and Connection in Middle Frontal Gyrus: A Potential Imaging Feature for Facial Synkinesis Comorbid Depression.Depression and anxiety · 2026Article
- Short-term clinical outcomes associated with a standardized multicomponent facial rehabilitation program in acute or early-subacute peripheral facial nerve palsy: a prospective controlled cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Peripheral facial palsy: contemporary advances and unresolved debates in management from pathogenic mechanisms to tailored reconstruction.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Beyond motor recovery: emerging perspectives in the management of peripheral facial palsy-a narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Can intraoperative facial nerve motor evoked potential monitoring predict postoperative facial synkinesis following vestibular schwannoma surgery? A retrospective study.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Observational
- Non-Surgical Correction of Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of Non-Surgical Modalities and Clinical Case Examples.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Management of Facial Paralysis Following Skull Base Surgery: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Audiology research · 2025Review
- Clinical Characteristics and the Prognostic Factors of Acute Peripheral Facial Palsy in Children.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Deep learning-based automatic facial symmetry scoring in peripheral facial palsy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Diagnosing facial synkinesis using artificial intelligence to advance facial palsy care.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Rehabilitation of facial nerve palsy combining neuromuscular retraining and botulinum toxin A injection: a tertiary referral centre experience and a new working protocol proposal.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Clinical and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Patients with Peripheral Facial Paralysis in Medical Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Description.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Synchronous surface electromyography as objective method to evaluate the outcome of a biofeedback training in patients with facial synkinesis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Post-paralytic facial synkinesis after facial nerve injury produces functional disabilities and mimetic deficits, but also cosmetic and non-motor psychosocial impairments for the patients. These patients typically have a high and continuous high motivation for rehabilitation. The aim is to inform the affected patients and their therapeutic professionals (otorhinolaryngologist - head and neck surgeons; oral-maxillofacial surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, and mime therapists be it speech and language therapy- or physiotherapy-based) and to provide practical recommendations for diagnostics and a stepwise systematic treatment approach of facial synkinesis. Methods: In the first phase, a systematic literature search on the topic in PubMed and ScienceDirect starting in 2008 resulted in 132 articles. These were the basis for the review and a comprehensive series of consensus statements on the most important diagnostic tests and treatment options. In the second phase, one consensus article circulated among the membership of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group until a final agreement was reached for all recommendations. Results: Diagnostics should include a standardized assessment of the degree of synkinesis using validated clinician-graded instruments and synkinesis-specific patient-reported outcome measures. Treatments for facial synkinesis include facial training mainly based on facial biofeedback retraining, chemodenervation with botulinum toxin, selective neurectomy, myectomy, and any combination treatment of these options. Conclusion: A basic understanding of the pathomechanisms of synkinesis is essential to understand the treatment strategies. A standardized assessment of the synkinetic symptoms and the individual synkinesis pattern is needed. The first-line treatment is facial training, followed by botulinum toxin. Surgery is reserved for individual cases with unsatisfactory first-line treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.