ArticleNature communications2022
High antibody levels and reduced cellular response in children up to one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative analysis of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in infected children and adults.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Performance of whole blood interferon-γ release assays in SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis is age dependent.Infection · 2025Article
- Article
- Longitudinal analysis of humoral and cellular immunity in SARS-CoV-2 exposed families.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessing the Value of T cell Monitoring in the General Population of Children and Adolescents - Insights From the Ciao Corona Cohort Study.International journal of public health · 2025Observational
- Effective cellular and neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA booster vaccination is associated with pDC and B cell activation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Elevated Soluble ACE2 Activity in Children and Adults After SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Irrespective of Laboratory-Confirmed Infection.Journal of medical virology · 2024Article
- Article
- Deciphering the Longevity and Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Children: A Year-Long Study Highlighting Clinical Phenotypes and Age-Related Variations.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Observational
- SARS-CoV-2 in Mozambican primary school-aged children at Maputo City and Province: a cross-sectional study from a low-income country.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Increased breadth and neutralization of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants after infection and vaccination: A serosurveillance study in pediatric patients of Southern Switzerland.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Infection and Vaccine Induced Spike Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in COVID-19-Naïve Children and Adults.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Contribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection preceding COVID-19 mRNA vaccination to generation of cellular and humoral immune responses in children.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Serum neutralizing capacity and T-cell response against the omicron BA.1 variant in seropositive children and their parents one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Prolonged COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
36 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 course and immunity differ in children and adults. We analyzed immune response dynamics in 28 families up to 12 months after mild or asymptomatic infection. Unlike adults, the initial response is plasmablast-driven in children. Four months after infection, children show an enhanced specific antibody response and lower but detectable spike 1 protein (S1)-specific B and T cell responses than their parents. While specific antibodies decline, neutralizing antibody activity and breadth increase in both groups. The frequencies of S1-specific B and T cell responses remain stable. However, in children, one year after infection, an increase in the S1-specific IgA class switch and the expression of CD27 on S1-specific B cells and T cell maturation are observed. These results, together with the enhanced neutralizing potential and breadth of the specific antibodies, suggest a progressive maturation of the S1-specific immune response. Hence, the immune response in children persists over 12 months but dynamically changes in quality, with progressive neutralizing, breadth, and memory maturation. This implies a benefit for booster vaccination in children to consolidate memory formation.
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