ArticleCurrent research in translational medicine
APOE ε4 and Alzheimer's disease diagnosis associated differences in L-carnitine, GBB, TMAO, and acylcarnitines in blood and brain.
Article in Current research in translational medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Higher Serum Levels of Propionylcarnitine and Methionine are Associated with Reduced Cortical Amyloid Burden in Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Trimethylamine-N-oxide damages astrocytes and lymphatic endothelial cells in the cerebral lymphatic system.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Loss of Nuclear TDP-43 Impairs Lipid Metabolism in Microglia-Like Cells.Research square · 2025Article
- Loss of Nuclear TDP-43 Impairs Lipid Metabolism in Microglia-Like Cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The Effect of Acylcarnitines on Cognitive Function: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Individual bioenergetic capacity as a potential source of resilience to Alzheimer's disease.Nature communications · 2025Article
- APOE4 and age affect the brain entorhinal cortex structure and blood arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels after mild TBI.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Brain-Gut and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication in Type-2 Diabetes Linked Alzheimer's Disease.Nutrients · 2024Review
- The Brain-Gut Axis, an Important Player in Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Nutritional metabolism and cerebral bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Review
- Estimation of L-carnitine levels in diabetic completely edentulous patients for implant diagnosis: A cross-sectional study.Dental research journal · 2023Article
- Age andFrontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examined the influence of APOE genotypes on blood and brain markers of the L-carnitine system, necessary for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and their collective influence on the clinical and pathological outcomes of AD.
methodsL-carnitine, its metabolites γ-butyrobetaine (GBB) and trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO), and its esters (acylcarnitines) were analyzed in blood from predominantly White community/clinic-based individuals (n = 372) and in plasma and brain from the Religious Order Study (ROS) (n = 79) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
findingsRelative to total blood acylcarnitines, levels of short chain acylcarnitines (SCAs) were higher whereas long chain acylcarnitines (LCAs) were lower in AD, which was observed pre-clinically in APOE ε4s. Plasma medium chain acylcarnitines (MCAs) were higher amongst cognitively healthy APOE ε2 carriers relative to other genotypes. Compared to their respective controls, elevated TMAO and lower L-carnitine and GBB were associated with AD clinical diagnosis and these differences were detected preclinically among APOE ε4 carriers. Plasma and brain GBB, TMAO, and acylcarnitines were also associated with post-mortem brain amyloid, tau, and cerebrovascular pathologies.
interpretationAlterations in blood L-carnitine, GBB, TMAO, and acylcarnitines occur early in clinical AD progression and are influenced by APOE genotype. These changes correlate with post-mortem brain AD and cerebrovascular pathologies. Additional studies are required to better understand the role of the FAO disturbances in AD.
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