ReviewInternational ophthalmology2023
Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery: an educational review.
Review in International ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anticipated and Actual Pain Intensity in Patients Receiving Intravitreal Injections: A Cross Sectional Study.Nursing open · 2026Article
- The Impact of Real-Time Data Analytics on Infection Prevention and Control Practices in Ophthalmology: A Nursing Perspective on Patient Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness.Nursing & health sciences · 2026Article
- The effect of sub-Tenon versus topical anesthesia on pupil responses in the early postoperative period after cataract surgery.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Hypersensitivity Reaction to Hyaluronidase After Peribulbar Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery: Two Case Reports.Drug, healthcare and patient safety · 2026Article
- Transient orbital apex syndrome with magnetic resonance imaging evidence following sub-Tenon's ropivacaine anesthesia during combined cataract and macular surgery: a case report.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Intraoperative pain assessment using a digital force gauge during vitreoretinal surgery: a prospective feasibility study.International ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Article
- The Infratrochlear Nerve Block Reduces the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea Vomiting in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Strabismus Surgery-A Retrospective Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Drug-Dependent Inhibitory Effects on Corneal Epithelium Structure, Cell Viability, and Corneal Wound Healing by Local Anesthetics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- [Differential diagnosis of vertical strabismus in the elderly].Die Ophthalmologie · 2024Review
- Evaluation of Postoperative Discomfort After Strabismus Surgery Under General Anesthesia in Children: A Prospective Observational Study.Journal of pain research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeSelecting an anesthetic agent for ophthalmic surgery has crucial implications for the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and patient. This educational review explores the common classes of anesthesia used in ophthalmology. Additionally, we discuss the considerations unique to cataract, glaucoma, strabismus, orbital, oculoplastic, and ocular trauma surgeries.
methodsA comprehensive Embase search was performed using combinations of the subject headings "anesthesia", "eye surgery", "ophthalmology" and "cataract extraction", "glaucoma", "strabismus", "vitreoretinal surgery", "retina surgery", "eye injury", and "eyelid reconstruction".
resultsTopical anesthetics are the most commonly used form of ocular anesthesia, used in both an office and surgical setting, and carry a minimal side effect profile. Notably, topical anesthetics offer analgesia, but do not provide akinesia or amnesia. Regional blocks, such as are sub-Tenon's, peribulbar, and retrobulbar blocks, are used when akinesia is required in addition to analgesia. Recently, sub-Tenon's blocks have recently gained popularity due to their improved safety profile compared to other regional blocks. General anesthesia is considered for long, complex surgery, surgery in patients with multiple comorbidities, surgery in young pediatric patients, or surgery in patients intolerant to local or regional anesthetic.
conclusionAnesthetizing the eye has rapidly evolved in recent years, supporting the safety, efficacy and comfort of ocular surgery. Since there are many viable options of anesthetics available for ophthalmic surgery, a robust understanding of the patients needs, the skill of the surgical team, and surgery-specific factors ought to be considered when creating an anesthetic plan for surgery.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.