Thalamocortical contributions to working memory processes during the n-back task.

Working memory allows individuals to temporally maintain and manipulate information that is no longer accessible from the sensorium. Whereas prior studies have detailed frontoparietal contributions to working memory processes, less emphasis has been placed on subcortical regions, in particular the human thalamus. The thalamus has a complex anatomy that consists of several distinct nuclei, many of which have dense anatomical connectivity with frontoparietal regions, and thus might play an important yet underspecified role for working memory. The goal of our study is to characterize the detailed functional neuroanatomy of the human thalamus and thalamocortical interactions during the n-back task. To that end, we analyzed an n-back fMRI dataset consisting of 395 subjects from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We found that thalamic nuclei in the anterior, medial, ventral lateral, and posterior medial thalamus showed stronger evoked responses in response to higher working memory load. Activity in most thalamic nuclei were only modulated by working memory load, but not by categorical membership of the memorized stimuli, suggesting that thalamic function supports domain-general processing for working memory. To determine whether thalamocortical interactions contribute to cortical activity for working memory, we employed an activity flow mapping analysis to test whether thalamocortical interactions can predict cortical task activity patterns. In support, this data-driven thalamocortical interaction model explained a significant amount of variance in the observed cortical activity patterns modulated by working memory load. Our results suggest that the anterior, medial, and posterior medial thalamus, and their associated thalamocortical interactions, contribute to the modulations of distributed cortical activity during working memory.