ArticleScientific reports2022
Tobacco use and risk of COVID-19 infection in the Finnish general population.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between e-cigarette use and COVID-19 diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of Smoking on Household SARS-CoV-2 Transmission.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking and SARS-CoV-2 infection: multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization analyses in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The association between smoking and COVID-19 symptoms, severity, and post-COVID-19 symptoms: a cross-sectional survey study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The association between tobacco use and COVID-19 diagnoses in three Nordic countries: a pooled analysis.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Regulation of Inflammation by IRAK-M Pathway Can Be Associated with nAchRalpha7 Activation and COVID-19.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- COVID-19 and tobacco products use among US adults, 2021 National Health Interview Survey.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Does misclassification of former tobacco smokers explain the 'smoker's paradox' in the risk of COVID-19? Insights from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Article
- Current tobacco use and SARS-CoV-2 infection in two Norwegian population-based cohorts.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Current tobacco use and COVID-19 diagnoses in a cohort of adult clients of public dental clinics in Sweden.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Association Between Tobacco Use and Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Clinical Outcomes in Sweden: A Population-Based Study.International journal of public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Empirical evidence, primarily based on hospital-based or voluntary samples, suggests that current smokers have a lower risk of COVID-19 infection than never smokers. In this study, we used nationally representative data to examine the association between tobacco use and the risk of having a confirmed COVID-19 case. We explored several forms of tobacco use, contributing to separate the role of nicotine from smoking. We used data from 44,199 participants from three pooled national health surveys in Finland (FinSote 2018-2020). The primary outcome was a confirmed COVID-19 case. We examined current smoking, moist smokeless tobacco (snus), e-cigarettes with and without nicotine and nicotine replacement therapy products. Current daily smokers had a relative risk of 1.12 of a confirmed COVID-19 case (95% CI 0.65; 1.94) in fully adjusted models compared with never smokers. Current snus use was associated with a 68% higher risk of a confirmed COVID-19 case (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.02; 2.75) than never users. We did not find conclusive evidence of associations between e-cigarettes with and without nicotine and nicotine replacement therapy products and the risk of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Our findings suggest that nicotine might not have a protective role in the risk of COVID-19 as previously hypothesized.
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Registered trials
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