ArticleNutrients2022
Sodium and Potassium Concentrations and Somatic Cell Count of Human Milk Produced in the First Six Weeks Postpartum and Their Suitability as Biomarkers of Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis.
Article in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Mothers' milk Na without Na:K ratio detects secretory activation in mothers of preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Diagnosing Breastfeeding Difficulties: Where Do We Stand?Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Review
- Defining lactation outcomes, milk composition, and breastfeeding safety for women with chronic kidney disease: protocol for a prospective observational study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Thiosemicarbazone Derivative in LPS-Induced Mastitis: Dual Modulation of Inflammatory Response and Blood-Milk Barrier Integrity.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Subclinical mastitis during lactation: a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?Medical hypotheses · 2025Article
- Human Milk Electrolytes as Nutritional Biomarkers of Mammary Gland Integrity: A Study Across Ductal Conditions and Donor Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Reference Values for Minerals in Human Milk: the Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Validity of an ion selective electrode for measuring human milk sodium and potassium ion levels at point-of-care in lactating mothers with inflammatory breast conditions.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- A handheld milk conductivity sensing device (Mylee) for measuring secretory activation progress in lactating women: a device validation study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Article
- Mammary epithelium permeability during established lactation: associations with cytokine levels in human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Immunological composition of human milk before and during subclinical and clinical mastitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Novel At-Home Mother's Milk Conductivity Sensing Technology as an Identification System of Delay in Milk Secretory Activation Progress and Early Breastfeeding Problems: Feasibility Assessment.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2023Article
- Interrogating the role of the milk microbiome in mastitis in the multi-omics era.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The sodium (Na) concentration and the ratio of Na to potassium (K; Na/K) in human milk are used commonly as biomarkers of subclinical mastitis, but limited data exist on their relationship to and ability to predict clinical mastitis. Here, we assessed concentrations of Na, K, Na/K, and somatic cell count (SCC), a mammary health biomarker used in the dairy industry, in milk prospectively collected from both breasts of 41 women over the first 6 weeks postpartum. Although values differed over time postpartum, there were no differences in mean values between breasts. Nearly one-quarter (24%) of participants experienced clinical mastitis. Somatic cell counts >4.76 × 105 cells/mL were most strongly related to development of clinical mastitis in the following week (odds ratio, 7.81; 95% CI, 2.15−28.30; p = 0.002), although relationships were also observed for SCC > 4.00 × 105 cells/mL and Na concentration >12 mmol/L. Estimates of the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in women who never progressed to clinical mastitis differed by biomarker but ranged from 20 to 75%. Despite these findings, positive predictive values (PPV) of the biomarkers for identifying clinical mastitis were low (≤0.34), indicating additional research is needed to identify single biomarkers or composite measures that are highly specific, sensitive, and predictive of clinical mastitis in women.
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