ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Retinal Microcirculation as a Potential Marker for Chronic Fatigue.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subclinical neurovascular and immune correlates of post-COVID-19 syndrome detected by retinal imaging.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Personalized Exercise Training Modulates Red Blood Cell Rheology and Morphology in Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Circulating angiogenic progenitor cell apoptosis in Post-COVID-19 syndrome.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Article
- Long-term retinal dysfunction following COVID-19 infection: a one-year prospective observational study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Association of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) enlargement with SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID-19.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Functional Autoantibodies Targeting G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Their Clinical Phenotype in Patients with Long-COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Deoxygenation Trends and Their Multivariate Association with Self-Reported Fatigue in Post-COVID Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Key Pathophysiological Role of Skeletal Muscle Disturbance in Post COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): Accumulated Evidence.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Review
- Prevalence of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Associated of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comparative Pre- and Post-COVID Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Retinal Microvasculature Changes Linked to Executive Function Impairment after COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- [Interdisciplinary, collaborative D-A-CH (Germany, Austria and Switzerland) consensus statement concerning the diagnostic and treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2024Article
- Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Microvascular Capillary and Precapillary Cardiovascular Disturbances Strongly Interact to Severely Affect Tissue Perfusion and Mitochondrial Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Evolving from the Post COVID-19 Syndrome.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Sialylated Glycan Bindings from SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Blood and Endothelial Cells Govern the Severe Morbidities of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Retinal Microvasculature Image Analysis Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.Journal of imaging · 2023Article
- Fighting Post-COVID and ME/CFS - development of curative therapies.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is characterized by persisting sequelae after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). PCS can affect patients with all COVID-19 disease severities. As previous studies have revealed impaired blood flow as a provoking factor triggering PCS, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the potential association between self-reported chronic fatigue and retinal microcirculation in patients with PCS, potentially indicating an objective biomarker. A prospective study was performed, including 201 subjects: 173 patients with PCS and 28 controls. Retinal microcirculation was visualized by OCT angiography (OCT-A) and quantified using the Erlangen-Angio-Tool as macula and peripapillary vessel density (VD). Chronic fatigue (CF) was assessed according to the variables of Bell’s score, age and gender. VDs in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were analyzed, considering the repetitions (12 times). Seropositivity for autoantibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR-AAbs) was determined by an established cardiomyocyte bioassay. Taking account of the repetitions, a mixed model was performed to detect possible differences in the least square means between the different groups included in the analysis. An age effect in relation to VD was observed between patients and controls (p < 0.0001). Gender analysis showed that women with PCS showed lower VD levels in the SVP compared to male patients (p = 0.0015). The PCS patients showed significantly lower VDs in the ICP as compared to the controls (p = 0.0001 (CI: 0.32; 1)). Moreover, considering PCS patients, the mixed model revealed a significant difference between those with chronic fatigue (CF) and those without CF with respect to VDs in the SVP (p = 0.0033 (CI: −4.5; −0.92)). The model included variables of age, gender and Bell’s score, representing a subjective marker for CF. Consequently, retinal microcirculation might serve as an objective biomarker in subjectively reported chronic fatigue in patients with PCS.
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