ArticleCells2022
Different Expression of Thyroid-Specific Proteins in Thyroid Cancer Cells between 2-Dimensional (2D) and 3-Dimensional (3D) Culture Environment.
Article in Cells, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling reverses the dedifferentiated phenotype of thyroid cancer cells in three-dimensional culture.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- The Application of 3D Cell Culture in Thyroid Cancer.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Sodium Selenite Application for Promoting Radioactive Iodine Avidity in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.Bioinorganic chemistry and applications · 2026Article
- Tumor Cell Spatial Organization Directs EGFR/RAS/RAF Pathway Primary Therapy Resistance through YAP Signaling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Environmental Exposure to Bisphenol A Enhances Invasiveness in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- New insights into the mechanisms of the extracellular matrix and its therapeutic potential in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2024Review
- State of the Art in 3D Culture Models Applied to Thyroid Cancer.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- SpheroMold: modernizing the hanging drop method for spheroid culture.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2024Article
- Three-Dimensional In Vitro Tumor Spheroid Models for Evaluation of Anticancer Therapy: Recent Updates.Cancers · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture as a conventional method has been widely applied in molecular biology fields, but it has limited capability to recapitulate real cell environments, being prone to misinterpretation with poor prediction of in vivo behavior. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture has been studied extensively. Spheroids are self-assembled cell aggregates that have biomimicry capabilities. The behavior of thyroid cancer under the 3D spheroid culture environment has been studied; however, there are no reports regarding differences in the degree of thyroid cancer cell differentiation under 2D and 3D culture conditions. This study investigated the expression of thyroid differentiation proteins related to iodide-metabolizing mechanisms in thyroid cancer cells under different culture conditions. Four thyroid cancer cell lines and one thyroid follicular epithelial cell line were grown in adherent 2D cell culture and 3D spheroid culture with agarose-coated plates. We observed changes in proliferation, hypoxia, extracellular matrix (ECM), cytoskeleton, thyroid-specific proteins, and thyroid transcription factors. All cell lines were successfully established in the spheroid following cell aggregation. Proliferation considerably decreased, while hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α(HIF1-α) was promoted in 3D spheroids; moreover, 3D spheroids with thyroid cancers showed diminished thyroid differentiation markers, but thyroid follicular epithelial cells revealed either a maintenance or weak decline of protein expression. We verified that the 3D spheroid culture environment can be similar to in vivo conditions because of its alterations in numerous cellular and functional activities, including morphology, cellular proliferation, viability, hypoxia, ECM, cytoskeleton, and thyroid differentiation, compared to the conventional 2D monolayer culture environment. An in vitro experimental study using 3D spheroid culture is ideal for the faster discovery of new drugs.
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