Hierarchical organization of objects in scenes is reflected in mental representations of objects.

The arrangement of objects in scenes follows certain rules ("Scene Grammar"), which we exploit to perceive and interact efficiently with our environment. We have proposed that Scene Grammar is hierarchically organized: scenes are divided into clusters of objects ("phrases", e.g., the sink phrase); within every phrase, one object ("anchor", e.g., the sink) holds strong predictions about identity and position of other objects ("local objects", e.g., a toothbrush). To investigate if this hierarchy is reflected in the mental representations of objects, we collected pairwise similarity judgments for everyday object pictures and for the corresponding words. Similarity judgments were stronger not only for object pairs appearing in the same scene, but also object pairs appearing within the same phrase of the same scene as opposed to appearing in different phrases of the same scene. Besides, object pairs with the same status in the scenes (i.e., being both anchors or both local objects) were judged as more similar than pairs of different status. Comparing effects between pictures and words, we found similar, significant impact of scene hierarchy on the organization of mental representation of objects, independent of stimulus modality. We conclude that the hierarchical structure of visual environment is incorporated into abstract, domain general mental representations of the world.