ArticleBMJ open2022
Prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among adults in Iraq: analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2015 STEPS survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes knowledge and attitudes among non-diabetic adults in Iraq: A cross-sectional study of awareness, risk perception, and preventive understanding.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Adaptation and Validation of the Iraqi Diabetic Health Literacy Questionnaire (IDHLQ): A Rasch and Factor Analysis Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Assessment of the impact of vaccine literacy on influenza vaccination practices among diabetic patients in Iraq.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Influence of Fatty Acid Desaturase Enzyme-1 Gene (FADS-1) Polymorphism on Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels, Desaturase Enzymes, Lipid Profile, and Glycemic Control Parameters in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Mellitus Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
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2 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
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Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (UT2D) among adults (aged 18 years and older) in Iraq.
designCross-sectional, population-based study.
settingNationally representative sample of general community-dwelling adult population in Iraq from the 2015 Iraq STEPS survey.
participantsThe sample included 3853 adults (mean age 41.8 years, SD=15.8), with complete fasting blood glucose values, from the 2015 Iraq STEPS survey. OUTCOME MEASURES: Data collection included: (1) social and behavioural information, (2) physical parameters and blood pressure measurements and (3) biochemical measurements. UT2D was classified as not being diagnosed with T2D and fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL. Multivariable multinomial and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with UT2D.
resultsThe prevalence of UT2D was 8.1% and the prevalence of diagnosed T2D (DT2D) was 8.9%. Participants aged 50 years and older (adjusted relative risk ratio (ARRR): 2.11, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.43) and those with high cholesterol (ARRR: 1.54, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.24) had a higher risk of UT2D. Older age (≥50 years) (ARRR: 17.90, 95% CI 8.42 to 38.06), receipt of healthcare advice (ARRR: 2.15, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.96), history of cholesterol testing (ARRR: 2.17, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.99), stroke or heart attack (ARRR: 1.81, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.92), and high cholesterol (ARRR: 1.55, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.06) were positively associated with DT2D, and high physical activity (ARRR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.84) was negatively associated with DT2D. Higher than primary education (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.02, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.37) was positively associated with UT2D versus DT2D, while older age (≥50 years) (AOR: 0.12, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.25), healthcare advice (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.70), and history of cholesterol screening (AOR: 0.37, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.58) were inversely associated with UT2D versus DT2D.
conclusionAlmost one in ten adults in Iraq had UT2D, and various associated factors were identified that could be useful in planning interventions.
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