ArticlePloS one2022
Estimating the economic burden of typhoid in children and adults in Blantyre, Malawi: A costing cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Economic burden of typhoid among hospitalised children in Kenya.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Examining epidemiological models and economic analyses of typhoid conjugate vaccine: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Un-Matched 1:1 Retrospective Case-Control Study of the Transmission of Typhoid Fever in Neno District, Malawi.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- Microarray patch vaccines for typhoid conjugate vaccines: A global cost-effectiveness analysis.Vaccine · 2025Article
- A systematised review and evidence synthesis on the broader societal impact of vaccines against Salmonella.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- IAPSM's Position Paper on Typhoid Vaccines for Adult Immunization in India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2024Article
- Environmental surveillance for Salmonella Typhi in rivers and wastewater from an informal sewage network in Blantyre, Malawi.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Typhoid intestinal perforation in Francophone Africa, a scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- The cost of typhoid illness in low- and middle-income countries, a scoping review of the literature.PloS one · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Taking on Typhoid: Eliminating Typhoid Fever as a Global Health Problem.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in an outbreak setting: a modeling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid causes preventable death and disease. The World Health Organization recommends Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine for endemic countries, but introduction decisions depend on cost-effectiveness. We estimated household and healthcare economic burdens of typhoid in Blantyre, Malawi.
methodsIn a prospective cohort of culture-confirmed typhoid cases at two primary- and a referral-level health facility, we collected direct medical, non-medical costs (2020 U.S. dollars) to healthcare provider, plus indirect costs to households.
resultsFrom July 2019-March 2020, of 109 cases, 63 (58%) were <15 years old, 44 (40%) were inpatients. Mean hospitalization length was 7.7 days (SD 4.1). For inpatients, mean total household and provider costs were $93.85 (95%CI: 68.87-118.84) and $296.52 (95%CI: 225.79-367.25), respectively. For outpatients, these costs were $19.05 (95%CI: 4.38-33.71) and $39.65 (95%CI: 33.93-45.39), respectively. Household costs were due mainly to direct non-medical and indirect costs, medical care was free. Catastrophic illness cost, defined as cost >40% of non-food monthly household expenditure, occurred in 48 (44%) households.
conclusionsTyphoid can be economically catastrophic for families, despite accessible free medical care. Typhoid is costly for government healthcare provision. These data make an economic case for TCV introduction in Malawi and the region and will be used to derive vaccine cost-effectiveness.
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