ArticlePloS one2022
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients in Estonia: Nationwide matched cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-COVID syndrome prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Risk of Incident New-Onset Arterial Hypertension After COVID-19 Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2023Pooled it
- Longer term post-hospital morbidity and mortality following admission with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Article
- Healthcare Resource Utilization (HCRU) and Direct Medical Costs Associated with Long COVID or Post-COVID-19 Conditions: Findings from a Literature Review.Journal of market access & health policy · 2025Review
- Infection to hypertension: a review of post-COVID-19 new-onset hypertension prevalence and potential underlying mechanisms.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Increased frequency and mortality in persons with neurological disorders during COVID-19.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Rural-urban Differences in Long-term Mortality and Readmission Following COVID-19 Hospitalization, 2020 to 2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Elevated Arterial Blood Pressure as a Delayed Complication Following COVID-19-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Relationship between Post-COVID Syndrome and the Burden of Comorbidities Assessed Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- The use of prescription drugs and health care services during the 6-month post-COVID-19 period.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPost-acute COVID-19 sequelae refers to a variety of health complications involving different organ systems that have been described among individuals after acute phase of illness. Data from unselected population groups with long-time follow up is needed to comprehensively describe the full spectrum of post-acute COVID-19 complications.
methodsIn this retrospective nationwide cohort study, we used data obtained from electronic health record database. Our primary cohort were adults hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 and matched (age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index) unaffected controls from general population. Individuals included from February 2020 until March 2021 were followed up for 12 months. We estimated risks of all-cause mortality, readmission and incidence of 16 clinical sequelae after acute COVID-19 phase. Using a frailty Cox model, we compared incidences of outcomes in two cohorts.
resultsThe cohort comprised 3949 patients older than 18 years who were alive 30 days after COVID-19 hospital admission and 15511 controls. Among cases 40.3% developed at least one incident clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was two times higher than in general population group. We report substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.57 (95%CI 2.23-2.96) and hospital readmission aHR = 1.73 (95%CI 1.58-1.90) among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We found that the risks for new clinical sequalae were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients than their controls, especially for dementia aHR = 4.50 (95% CI 2.35-8.64), chronic lower respiratory disease aHR = 4.39 (95% CI 3.09-6.22), liver disease aHR 4.20 (95% CI 2.01-8.77) and other (than ischemic) forms of heart diseases aHR = 3.39 (95%CI 2.58-4.44).
conclusionOur results provide evidence that the post-acute COVID-19 morbidity within the first year after COVID-19 hospitalization is substantial. Risks of all-cause mortality, hospitalisation and majority of clinical sequelae were significantly higher in hospitalized COVID-19 patients than in general population controls and warrant targeted prevention efforts.
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