SynthesisPloS one2022
Bacteriologically confirmed extrapulmonary tuberculosis and the associated risk factors among extrapulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistance strains using GeneXpert-MTB/RIF assay in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of tuberculosis in Ethiopia: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Underutilization of Bacteriological Testing in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Single-center Study from Mardin, Türkiye.Thoracic research and practice · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and clinicodemographic features of microbiologically confirmed and presumptive extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a multicenter study.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of tuberculosis and HIV coinfection among inpatients in chengdu, china, 2018-2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Microbiologically Confirmed Primary Tubercular Breast Abscess in a Young Female: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of molecular and bacteriological detection methods performed on the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy samples collected from endometrial and lymph node tuberculosis suspected patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Proportion of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected children after antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Clinical features, resistance patterns and treatment outcomes of drug-resistant extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: A scoping review.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe actual burden of bacteriologically confirmed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and risk factors in Ethiopia is not well known due to the lack of a strong surveillance system in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB and the associated risk factors among persons suspected to have non-respiratory tuberculosis in Ethiopia.
methodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies reporting the prevalence of EPTB from searched electronic databases; Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar was estimated spread across the research periods, nationally, and in different areas, using a fixed-effects model. We used I2 to analyze heterogeneity in the reported prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
resultsAfter reviewing 938 research articles, 20 studies (19 cross-sectional and 1 retrospective) from 2003 to 2021 were included in the final analyses. The pooled prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB was 43% (95%CI; 0.34-0.52, I2 = 98.45%). The asymmetry of the funnel plot revealed the presence of publication bias. Specifically the pooled prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB based on smear microscopy, Xpert MTB/RIF assay, and culture were 22% (95%CI; 0.13-0.30, I2 = 98.56%), 39% (95%CI; 0.23-0.54, I2 = 98.73%) and 49% (95%CI; 0.41-0.57, I2 = 96.43%) respectively. In this study, a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) contact with PTB patients, contact with live animals, consumption of raw milk, HIV-positive, male, and lower monthly income, were found to be independently associated with bacteriologically confirmed EPTB.
conclusionEthiopia has a high rate of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB. A history of previous PTB, being HIV-positive and having contact with PTB patients were the most reported risk factors for EPTB in the majority of studies. Strengthening laboratory services for EPTB diagnosis should be given priority to diagnose EPTB cases as early as possible.
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