ArticleJournal of ultrasound2023
Characterization of a fat tissue mimicking material for high intensity focused ultrasound applications.
Article in Journal of ultrasound, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design and validation of a technology for 3D printing training phantoms for ultrasound imaging.Physical and engineering sciences in medicine · 2026Article
- Investigating the Metabolic Effects of Ultrasound-Induced Lipolysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- High-Accuracy Neuro-Navigation with Computer Vision for Frameless Registration and Real-Time Tracking.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dual-frequency piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer based on polarization switching in ferroelectric thin films.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2023Article
- Estimation of the Proton Resonance Frequency Coefficient in Agar-based Phantoms.Journal of medical physicsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) have a prominent role in validating new high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapies. Agar-based TMMs are often developed mimicking the thermal properties of muscle tissue, while TMMs simulating fat tissue properties are rarely developed. Herein, twelve agar-based TMMs were iteratively developed with varied concentrations of agar, water, glycerol and propan-2-ol, and characterized for their suitability in emulating the thermal conductivity of human fat tissue.
methodsVaried agar concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% w/v) were utilized for developing seven water-based TMMs, while a 20% w/v agar concentration was utilized for developing two water/alcohol-based TMMs (50% v/v water and 50% v/v either glycerol or propan-2-ol) and three alcohol-based TMMs (varied glycerol and propan-2-ol concentrations). Thermal conductivity was measured for all TMMs, and the tissue mimicking material (TMM) exhibiting thermal conductivity closest to human fat was considered the optimum fat TMM and was further characterized using ultrasound (US) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
resultsFor the seven water-based TMMs an inverse linear trend was observed between thermal conductivity and increased agar concentration, being between 0.524 and 0.445 W/m K. Alcohol addition decreased thermal conductivity of the two water/alcohol-based TMMs to about 0.33 W/m K, while in the alcohol-based TMMs, increased concentrations of propan-2-ol emerged as a modifier of thermal conductivity. The optimum fat TMM (33.3% v/v glycerol and 66.7% v/v propan-2-ol) exhibited a 0.231 W/m K thermal conductivity, and appeared hypoechoic on US images and with increased brightness on T1-Weighted MRI images.
conclusionThe optimum fat TMM emulates the thermal conductivity of human fat tissue and exhibits a fat-like appearance on US and MRI images. The TMM is cost-effective and has a long lifespan and possesses great potential for use in HIFU applications as a fat TMM.
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