ArticleInternational journal of spine surgery2023
Effect of Smoking on Motor Recovery After Cervical American Spinal Injury Association Grade D Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.
Article in International journal of spine surgery, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Determinants of disability adaptation following rehabilitation in individuals with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh: A 6-Month to 10-year post-injury analysis.Spinal cord · 2026Article
- Identification of clinical predictors for functional recovery in patients with thoracolumbar fractures and incomplete spinal cord injury: an internally validated prediction model.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is a known neurotoxin that has been shown to negatively impact neurological function and recovery in multiple animal studies. Patients who smoke have been shown to have decreased rates of motor improvement, fusion, and overall successful outcomes after elective spinal surgery, but the effect of smoking on outcomes after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) has not been demonstrated in prior literature. This study aims to investigate how smoking effects motor recovery after TSCI.
methodsUsing the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center database, patients who underwent surgical management of American Spinal Injury Association grade D cervical TSCI between 2009 and 2016 were included. Patients were grouped by smoking or nonsmoking status. Overall total motor score and change in motor scores at rehabilitation admission, rehabilitation discharge, and 1-year follow-up visits were compared between groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was completed, including any possible confounding demographic or injury variables.
resultsA total of 152 patients (121 smokers and 31 nonsmokers) completed their 1-year follow-up interview and physical examination and were included in the study. There were no differences in motor score between groups at rehabilitation admission or discharge. Smokers had worse improvement in motor score at 1 year (7.99 nonsmokers vs 4.61 smokers;
conclusionsThese results indicate diminished motor recovery in patients who continue to smoke after TSCI. These patients should be targeted for aggressive smoking cessation and require intervention from providers and peers in order to maximize recovery after injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that smoking cessation may be beneficial for patients with cervical ASIA grade D spinal cord injury and may be a focus for providers of these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3:
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