ArticlePloS one2022
Geographical distribution and genetic characterization of pfhrp2 negative Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Peruvian Amazon.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parasite population dynamics shaped P. falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletion expansion in the Peruvian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Are pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Deletions a Concern in Latin America? A Critical Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Malaria control and the unexpected spread of diagnostic-resistantbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A previously low prevalence Plasmodium falciparum clone expands in an outbreak in the Pacific Coast of South America.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Evolution of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions in Equatorial Guinea between the pre- and post-RDT introduction.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Genomic surveillance of malaria parasites in an indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Genetic Variation among the Partial Gene Sequences of the Ribosomal Protein Large-Two, the Internal Transcribed Spacer, and the Small Ribosomal Subunit ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Genomic surveillance of malaria parasites in an indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon.Research square · 2024Article
- Comparing newly developed SNP barcode panels with microsatellites to explore population genetics of malaria parasites in the Peruvian Amazon.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been evaluated in the Peruvian Amazon region and their performance has been variable. This region is known for being the first with documented evidence of wild Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes, leading to false-positive results with HRP2-based RDTs. In our attempt to further characterize the deletion pattern of these genes and their evolutionary relationship, 93 P. falciparum samples, collected in different communities from the Peruvian Amazon region between 2009 and 2010, were analyzed in this study. Genomic DNA was used to amplify 18S rRNA, pfmsp2 and pfglurp to confirm the diagnosis and DNA quality, respectively; pfhrp2, pfhrp3, and their flanking genes were amplified by PCR to assess the pattern of the gene deletions. In addition, microsatellite analysis were performed using seven neutral microsatellites (MS) and five microsatellite loci flanking pfhrp2. The data showed the absence of pfhrp3 gene in 53.76% (50/93) of the samples, reflecting a higher frequency than the proportion of pfhrp2 gene deletions (33.33%; 31/93). Among the flanking genes, the highest frequency of deletion was observed in the PF3D7_0831900 gene (78.49%; 73/93) for pfhrp2. MS marker analysis showed the presence of 8 P. falciparum lineages. The lineage Bv1 was the most prevalent among parasites lacking pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes. Additionally, using MS flanking pfhrp2 gene, the haplotypes α and δ were found to be the most abundant in this region. This study confirms the presence in this area of field isolates with deletions in either pfhrp2, pfhrp3, or both genes, along with their respective flanking regions. Our data suggest that some pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletion haplotypes, in special the lineage Bv1, are widely dispersed within the Peruvian Amazon. The persistence of these haplotypes ensures a proportion of P.falciparum parasites lacking the pfhrp2/pfhrp3 genes in this area, which ultimately leads to false-negative results on PfHRP2-detecting malaria RDTs. However, additional studies are needed to not only confirm this hypothesis but also to further delineate the origin and genetic basis for the pfhrp2- and pfhrp3 gene deletions in wild P. falciparum parasites.
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