ReviewEndocrine reviews2023
Levothyroxine: Conventional and Novel Drug Delivery Formulations.
Review in Endocrine reviews, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism.European thyroid journal · 2025Guideline
- LT4/LT3 Combination Therapy vs. Monotherapy with LT4 for Persistent Symptoms of Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical insights into levothyroxine overdose: A systematic review.World journal of methodology · 2026Article
- Investigating the relationship between thyroid replacement therapy goals status and quality of life in patients with primary hypothyroidism.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Remodeling the Inflammatory Microenvironment: Nanomaterial-Based Targeted Strategies for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis.Small science · 2026Review
- Lingual Thyroid: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Insights. A Case ReportEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
- Theranostic Potentials of Metallic Nanoparticles in Thyroid Diseases: Challenges and Prospects.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- From Resistance to Relief: IV Levothyroxine in Refractory Hypothyroidism Management.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Italian guidelines for the management of adult individuals with primary hypothyroidism outside pregnancy.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- Article
- Intramuscular and subcutaneous levothyroxine: success in treating refractory hypothyroidism.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the postoperative management and TSH suppression therapy among patients with thyroid cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Optimization and impact of an evidence-based pre-audit prescription decision system in primary healthcare settings.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Levothyroxine therapy in thyroidectomized patients: ongoing challenges and controversies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Levothyroxine malabsorption following sleeve gastrectomy.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jie Yu Xiao Yin on thyroid antibodies and inflammatory biomarkers in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Hypothyroidism and Pneumonia and Possible Prevention and Treatment Measures.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Thyroid Endocrinology.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- One sip of water with LT-4 supplementation-a key to euthyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Examining the Effects of Nutrient Supplementation on Metabolic Pathways via Mitochondrial Ferredoxin in Aging Ovaries.Nutrients · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although levothyroxine is one of the most prescribed medications in the world, its bioavailability has been reported to be impaired by many factors, including interfering drugs or foods and concomitant diseases, and persistent hypothyroidism with a high dose of levothyroxine is thus elicited. Persistent hypothyroidism can also be induced by noninterchangeability between formulations and poor compliance. To address these issues some strategies have been developed. Novel formulations (liquid solutions and soft gel capsules) have been designed to eliminate malabsorption. Some other delivery routes (injections, suppositories, sprays, and sublingual and transdermal administrations) are aimed at circumventing different difficulties in dosing, such as thyroid emergencies and dysphagia. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used to develop delivery systems for the sustained release of levothyroxine to improve patient compliance and reduce costs. Some delivery systems encapsulating nanoparticles show promising release profiles. In this review, we first summarize the medical conditions that interfere with the bioavailability of oral levothyroxine and discuss the underlying mechanisms and treatments. The efficacy of liquid solutions and soft gel capsules are systematically evaluated. We further summarize the novel delivery routes for levothyroxine and their possible applications. Nanomaterials in the levothyroxine field are then discussed and compared based on their load and release profile. We hope the article provides novel insights into the drug delivery of levothyroxine.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.