ArticleThe western journal of emergency medicine2022
Implementation of a Leave-behind Naloxone Program in San Francisco: A One-year Experience.
Article in The western journal of emergency medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Approaches, Barriers, and Facilitators in Statewide Initiative to Combat Opioid Overdose: A Narrative Review of Ohio's Experiences During the HEALing Communities Study.Prehospital emergency care · 2025Trial
- Assessment of a County-Wide, Pan-First Responder Take-Home Naloxone Program in Denver, Colorado.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2026Article
- Understanding the role of overdose witnesses: responses and characteristics of people who inject drugs in Oakland and San Francisco.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Barriers to bystander interventions in suspected opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: A multiple methods study of 9-1-1 calls.Resuscitation · 2025Article
- Missouri naloxone distribution 2017-2023: Evaluation and implications of applying a naloxone saturation model.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of 911 Calls for Opioid Overdose in Nogales, Arizona.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Implementation of an EMS-based naloxone distribution program: A qualitative evaluation.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2024Article
- Layperson-Administered Naloxone Trends Reported in Emergency Medical Service Activations, 2020-2022.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Perceptions of a naloxone leave behind program among emergency medical services personnel in Michigan, USA.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Harm Reduction in the Field: First Responders' Perceptions of Opioid Overdose Interventions.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Using qualitative system dynamics modeling to understand overdose bystander behavior in the context of Connecticut's Good Samaritan Laws and identify effective policy options.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- At-risk patient documentation and naloxone dispersal for a rural statewide EMS "Naloxone Leave Behind" program.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2024Article
- Influences on advance practice nursing education to prescribe medications for opioid use disorder.Nursing outlookArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionIn response to the ongoing opioid overdose crisis, US officials urged the expansion of access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal. Since then, emergency medical services' (EMS) dispensing of naloxone kits has become an emerging harm reduction strategy.
methodsWe created a naloxone training and low-barrier distribution program in San Francisco: Project FRIEND (First Responder Increased Education and Naloxone Distribution). The team assembled an advisory committee of stakeholders and subject-matter experts, worked with local and state EMS agencies to augment existing protocols, created training curricula, and developed a naloxone-distribution data collection system. Naloxone kits were labeled for registration and data tracking. Emergency medical technicians and paramedics were asked to distribute naloxone kits to any individuals (patient or bystander) they deemed at risk of experiencing or witnessing an opioid overdose, and to voluntarily register those kits.
resultsTraining modalities included a video module (distributed to over 700 EMS personnel) and voluntary, in-person training sessions, attended by 224 EMS personnel. From September 25, 2019-September 24, 2020, 1,200 naloxone kits were distributed to EMS companies. Of these, 232 kits (19%) were registered by EMS personnel. Among registered kits, 146 (63%) were distributed during encounters for suspected overdose, and 103 (44%) were distributed to patients themselves. Most patients were male (n = 153, 66%) and of White race (n = 124, 53%); median age was 37.5 years (interquartile range 31-47).
conclusionWe describe a successful implementation and highlight the feasibility of a low-threshold, leave-behind naloxone program. Collaboration with multiple entities was a key component of the program's success.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.