ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2022
Long-Term Protection Elicited by an Inactivated Vaccine Supplemented with a Water-Based Adjuvant against Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy Assessment of Montanide GEL 02 PR and Liposome-Based Encapsulation as Adjuvants for an FrpA Subunit Vaccine Against Photobacteriosis in Solea senegalensis.Journal of fish diseases · 2026Article
- Development and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Baculovirus-Expressed Feline Bocavirus VP2 Virus-like Particles Vaccine in a Mouse Model.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Review
- Efficacy of Three Vaccine Regimens Against Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Transmission Potential in Rainbow Trout.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Development and evaluation of inactivated vaccines incorporating a novel Senecavirus A strain-based Immunogen and various adjuvants in mice.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous inactivated vaccines against infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) usually had a strong early immune protective effect but failed to provide long-term protection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To find a method for stabilizing the desired protective effect of IHN vaccines, we assessed the immune enhancement effect of four adjuvants on formaldehyde inactivated vaccine for IHN at 60 days postvaccination (dpv). The efficacy of a two-dose vaccination with the candidate adjuvant-formaldehyde inactivated vaccine for IHN was evaluated in terms of early protection and long-term protection (30 to 285 dpv). Neutralizing antibody titers were also measured at each time point. The Montanide GEL 02 PR (Gel 02) adjuvant significantly enhanced the immune protection provided by the IHN inactivated vaccine, whereas the immune-boosting effect of the other tested adjuvants lacked statistical significance. Both tested Gel 02-adjuvanted IHN inactivated vaccine dosages had a strong immune protection effect within 2 months postvaccination, with a relative percent of survival (RPS) of 89.01% to 100%, and the higher dosage provided complete protection at 204 dpv and a RPS of 60.79% on 285 dpv by reducing viral titers in rainbow trout. The neutralizing antibodies were observed only in vaccinated fish on 30 and 60 dpv. Through compatibility with an appropriate adjuvant, the highly immune protective effect of an IHN inactivated vaccine was prolonged from 60 dpv to at least 284 dpv; this novel adjuvant-IHN inactivated vaccine has promise as a commercial vaccine that provides the best available and longest duration of protection against IHN to rainbow trout.
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