ArticlePEC innovation2022
Direct Observation Methods: a Practical Guide for Health Researchers.
Article in PEC innovation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advancing methodological guidance for audio- and video-based observational studies of communication in nurse-patient encounters: A discussion paper.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2026Review
- Using saliency and tacit knowledge for person-centred care: a two-phased qualitative study on patient and family involvement in residential care.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- An exploration of the organizational performance of a care pathway applied to ambulatory surgery: a systems approach.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Article
- Nurses' scope of practice and fundamental care in relation to older people: An exploratory home-based study.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2026Article
- Using Multistate Models and Qualitative Interviews to Comprehensively Characterize Substance Use Disorder Care Transitions in a US Health Care System: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Telehealth Barriers and Digital Ageism Experienced by Older Veterans: Formative Ethnographic Study to Inform a Telepharmacy Randomized Trial.JMIR aging · 2026Article
- Introduction to Qualitative Methods: A Practical Primer for Clinicians.Family medicine · 2026Article
- Field observation as a method to guide patient-reported outcome measurement integration in community cancer centers.Implementation science communications · 2026Article
- Navigating qualitative methods choices in dissemination and implementation research.Implementation science : IS · 2025Article
- Understanding the drivers of effective supportive supervision: a realist evaluation of community health worker programs in Madhya Pradesh, India.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Article
- "I know you didn't want to stay": emergency department conversations about disposition for people living with dementia.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) User Guide: a five-step guide for conducting implementation research using the framework.Implementation science : IS · 2025Article
- Patient Experience of Virtual Hospital Care Provided by a Multidisciplinary Team: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Nursing practice in relation to older people's fundamentals of care in nursing homes: An exploratory design.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2025Article
- Use of Technology in the Rehabilitation Setting: Therapy Observations, Mixed Methods Analysis, and Data Visualization.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2025Article
- Feasibility of Licensed Vocational Nurses Using a CDS App to Communicate Signs and Symptoms of a UTI.Nursing research and practice · 2025Article
- Fine scale mapping of water sources in low-income settings: A comparative study in Misungwi, Tanzania.PloS one · 2025Article
- Opportunities and Barriers in Telerehabilitation for Coronary Bypass Patients: A Case Study from the Faroe Islands.Telemedicine reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo provide health research teams with a practical, methodologically rigorous guide on how to conduct direct observation.
methodsSynthesis of authors' observation-based teaching and research experiences in social sciences and health services research.
resultsThis article serves as a guide for making key decisions in studies involving direct observation. Study development begins with determining if observation methods are warranted or feasible. Deciding what and how to observe entails reviewing literature and defining what abstract, theoretically informed concepts look like in practice. Data collection tools help systematically record phenomena of interest. Interdisciplinary teams--that include relevant community members-- increase relevance, rigor and reliability, distribute work, and facilitate scheduling. Piloting systematizes data collection across the team and proactively addresses issues.
conclusionObservation can elucidate phenomena germane to healthcare research questions by adding unique insights. Careful selection and sampling are critical to rigor. Phenomena like taboo behaviors or rare events are difficult to capture. A thoughtful protocol can preempt Institutional Review Board concerns. INNOVATION: This novel guide provides a practical adaptation of traditional approaches to observation to meet contemporary healthcare research teams' needs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.