ArticleNature communications2022
Structure of the human heparan sulfate polymerase complex EXT1-EXT2.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-coverage paleo-genome research identifies a pathogenic mutation on EXT1 in a Qing-period Chinese individual with multiple osteochondromas.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Spatial Glyco-Codes Define Human Liver Pathology and Progression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Xyloglucan xylosyltransferase stem region mediates heterodimer formation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Structural Characterization of Glycoprotein Glycans and Glycosaminoglycans of Brain Tissues inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Molecular basis of collagen galactosylation by GLT25D1.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Human Proteoglycan Linkage Region Glycosyltransferases are Dimeric and Show Unexpected Specificities.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics and Single-Cell Dissection of Exostosin Glycosyltransferases (EXT1/EXT2) Reveals Divergent Oncogenic Roles and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Gliomas.Journal of Cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Endothelial glycocalyx glycan expression in lymphatic vasculature in mice.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Hedgehog and Drosophila germ cell migration.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Structural basis for human chondroitin sulfate chain polymerization.Nature communications · 2025Article
- LARGE1 processively polymerizes length-controlled matriglycan on prodystroglycan.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Intersection of Glycosylation and Ferroptosis in Cancer.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- EXT1 and Its Methylation Involved in the Progression of Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma Pathogenesis.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Article
- Structural glycobiology - from enzymes to organelles.Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Review
- Biosynthetic production of anticoagulant heparin polysaccharides through metabolic and sulfotransferases engineering strategies.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Structural and Functional Analysis of Heparosan Synthase 2 fromACS catalysis · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heparan sulfates are complex polysaccharides that mediate the interaction with a broad range of protein ligands at the cell surface. A key step in heparan sulfate biosynthesis is catalyzed by the bi-functional glycosyltransferases EXT1 and EXT2, which generate the glycan backbone consisting of repeating N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid units. The molecular mechanism of heparan sulfate chain polymerization remains, however, unknown. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human EXT1-EXT2, which reveals the formation of a tightly packed hetero-dimeric complex harboring four glycosyltransferase domains. A combination of in vitro and in cellulo mutational studies is used to dissect the functional role of the four catalytic sites. While EXT1 can catalyze both glycosyltransferase reactions, our results indicate that EXT2 might only have N-acetylglucosamine transferase activity. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into heparan sulfate chain elongation as a nonprocessive process and lay the foundation for future studies on EXT1-EXT2 function in health and disease.
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