ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2022
Do alcohol control policies have the predicted effects on consumption? An analysis of the Baltic countries and Poland 2000-2020.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Alcohol policy modelling studies require realistic assumptions.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- The Baltics: Benchmarking alcohol control reform for the European Union and surrounding countries.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Using a return on investment analysis to estimate the economic impact of potential changes to alcohol control policies in Estonia.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- The burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors by voivodship in Poland, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- How does taxation affect liver cirrhosis across age groups? An analysis of alcohol control policies on liver cirrhosis outcomes in Lithuania between 2001 and 2022.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the national alcohol control strategy (Green Paper on Alcohol Policy) of Estonia.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- The impact of an integrated alcohol policy: The example of Lithuania.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Economic development, alcohol consumption and life expectancy in low- and lower-middle-income countries in the Western Pacific Region: a structural equation modelling study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Investigating Indicators to Assess and Support Alcohol Taxation Policy: Results From the International Alcohol Control (IAC) Study.International journal of health policy and management · 2025Article
- Trends of alcohol-attributable deaths in Lithuania 2001-2021: epidemiology and policy conclusions.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Alcohol, No Ordinary Commodity: policy implications for Canada.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Lithuania: a modelling study for 2000-2021.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2023Article
- Alcohol-attributable mortality and alcohol control policy in the Baltic Countries and Poland in 2001-2020: an interrupted time-series analysis.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Impact of the WHO "best buys" for alcohol policy on consumption and health in the Baltic countries and Poland 2000-2020.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2023Review
- Reducing alcohol use through alcohol control policies in the general population and population subgroups: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Review
- Alcohol control policies reduce all-cause mortality in Baltic Countries and Poland between 2001 and 2020.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Using Direct and Indirect Estimates for Alcohol-Attributable Mortality: A Modelling Study Using the Example of Lithuania.European addiction research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany population-based alcohol control policies are postulated to work via changes in adult alcohol per capita consumption (APC). However, since APC is usually assessed on a yearly basis, often there are not enough data to conduct interrupted time-series or other controlled analyses. The current dataset, with 21 years of observation from four countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland), had sufficient power to test for average effects and potential interactions of the World Health Organization's (WHO) three "best buys" for alcohol control: taxation increases leading to a decrease in affordability; reduced availability (via a decrease in opening hours of at least 20 %); and advertising and marketing restrictions. We postulated that the former two would have immediate effects, while the latter would have mid- to long-term effects.
methodsLinear regression analysis.
resultsTaxation increases and availability reductions in all countries were associated with an average reduction in APC of 0.83 litres (ℓ) of pure alcohol per year (95 % confidence interval: -1.21 ℓ, -0.41 ℓ) in the same year, with no significant differences between countries. Restrictions on advertising and/or marketing had no significant immediate associations with APC (average effect 0.04 ℓ per year; 95 % confidence interval: -0.65 ℓ, 0.73 ℓ). Several sensitivity analyses corroborated these main results.
conclusionsThe WHO "best buy" alcohol control policies of taxation increases and availability restrictions worked as postulated in these four northeastern European Union countries.
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