Observational studyScientific reports2022
Vitamin D status and severity of COVID-19.
Observational study in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill's Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacological evaluation of vitamin D in COVID-19 and long COVID-19: recent studies confirm clinical validation and highlight metformin to improve VDR sensitivity and efficacy.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- High-dose vitamin DRespiratory research · 2024Trial
- Integrative Vitamin D-Inflammatory-Coagulation Biomarker Index Predicts COVID-19 Severity: Development and Validation of the Vitamin D Inflammatory Burden Score (VDIBS).International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with severe COVID-19: an observational study in hospitalized patients.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Vitamin D Hypovitaminosis in Croatia: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Routine Clinical Examinations.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Deficiency at Hospital Admission With Community-Acquired Pneumonia is Associated With Increased Risk of Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Association Between Vitamin D Levels and Long COVID Signs and Symptoms.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effect of Moderately High-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Neighbourhood immigrant density and COVID-19 infection and hospitalisation among healthcare workers in Sweden: a register-based observational study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Associations between pre-infection serum vitamin D concentrations and Omicron COVID-19 incidence, severity and reoccurrence in elderly individuals.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Calcifediol boosts efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine by upregulating genes promoting memory T cell responses.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- The close association of micronutrients with COVID-19.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Association between vitamin D deficiency and post-acute outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Prognostic Factors for Predicting Post-COVID-19 Condition in Patients With COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Vitamin D deficiency and duration of COVID-19 symptoms in UK healthcare workers.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients has positive correlations with autophagy and negative correlations with disease severity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We explored the association between COVID-19 severity and vitamin D status using information from Danish nation-wide health registers, the COVID-19 surveillance database and stored blood samples from the national biobank. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured using tandem mass spectroscopy. The association between 25(OH)D levels and COVID-19 severity, classified hierarchical as non-hospitalized, hospitalized but not admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), admitted to ICU, and death, was evaluated by proportional odds ratios (POR) assuming proportionality between the four degrees of severity. Among 447 adults tested SARS-CoV-2 positive in the spring of 2020, low levels of 25(OH)D were associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19. Thus, odds of experiencing more severe COVID-19 among individuals with insufficient (25 to < 50 nmol/L) and sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L) 25(OH)D levels were approximately 50% of that among individuals with deficient levels (< 25 nmol/L) (POR = 0.49 (95% CI 0.25-0.94), POR = 0.51 (95% CI 0.27-0.96), respectively). Dividing sufficient vitamin D levels into 50 to < 75 nmol/L and ≥ 75 nmol/L revealed no additional beneficial effect of higher 25(OH)D levels. In this observational study, low levels of 25(OH)D were associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19. A possible therapeutic role of vitamin D should be evaluated in well-designed interventional studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.