ArticlePloS one2022
Men's late presentation for HIV care in Eastern Uganda: The role of masculinity norms.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the Stigma Experience of Men Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis.AIDS and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Association between Levels of Alcohol Use, Perceived HIV Risk, and Untreated HIV Among Persons at Alcohol-Serving Venues in Kenya and Uganda.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Integration of specialised mental health services in an HIV clinic in a low resource setting.BMJ open quality · 2026Article
- Knowledge of HIV status in a rural Ugandan population with a sustained, generalised HIV epidemic.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends and factors associated with retention in HIV care among men living with HIV in a peri-urban primary care facility in central Uganda: a retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of a social network-based, peer-led HIV self-testing intervention among men in two Ugandan fishing communities, 2022.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Determinants of Late HIV Diagnosis and Advanced HIV Disease Among People Living with HIV in Tanzania.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIn Uganda, adult men living with HIV are more likely to present late for care; with a CD4 cell count below 350 cells/μl compared to women. Understanding why adult men present late for HIV care is important in improving early linkage to care. Studies across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa emphasize the role of masculinity norms; defined as social expectations about appropriate roles and behavior for men, in men's health behaviours particularly, in HIV care engagement. This study therefore explored how masculinity norms influence men's late presentation for HIV care.
methodsThis was a qualitative study undertaken in Jinja District, Eastern Uganda between October and November 2020. We conducted 20 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) with men living with HIV who had presented late for care at Family Hope Centre. We also conducted four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with HIV negative men and women in selected communities of Katende and Walukuba. Conventional content analysis approach was used to identify themes across the collected data.
resultsA total of 20 men participated in the In-depth Interviews (IDIs), with majority being married 15/20 (75%) and primary level holders 7/15 (46.7%). Nineteen (19) women participated in two FGDs, with a mean age of 29.5 years. Nineteen (19) men also participated in other two FGDs, with a mean age of 28.2 years. Conventional content analysis results indicated that men's late presentation for HIV care in Jinja district is greatly related to their concerns of loss of respect and the need to preserve their reputation and maintain a sense of normality in their families and society as proposed by Wilson's (1969) respectability-reputation theoretical model. Respectability was endorsed by 'the wider society', while reputation was endorsed almost entirely by men and some women.
conclusionFindings show that the explanations for men's late presentation arise from the masculinity norms in Jinja District, Eastern Uganda.
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