ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Identification of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker candidates for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: High-throughput proteomic investigation.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- CSF-Compartmentalized Antibody Glycoprofiles in NMDAR Encephalitis Associate with Etiology and Functional Recovery.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Development and validation of the NEOS2 score for prediction of long-term outcomes and improvement after first-line immunotherapy in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: an international cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Glymphatic surrogate, choroid plexus remodeling, and exploratory brain network analysis in the post-acute phase of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: multimodal MRI evidence for cognitive associations and differential white matter mediation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Recent Advances in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomics.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Immunoregulatory programs in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis identified by single-cell multi-omics analysis.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- Elevated phospholipids and acylcarnitines C4 and C5 in cerebrospinal fluid distinguish viral CNS infections from autoimmune neuroinflammation.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- [Recent research on cytokines associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Although the diagnosis is mainly dependent on the detection of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or serum, there was no direct correlations between anti-NMDAR antibody titers in CSF and disease severity and prognosis in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients. Here, we aimed to extensively identify CSF biomarkers related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis using a high-throughput proteomic approach. Methods: A CSF cytokine antibody array containing 80 cytokines and inflammatory mediators related to immune and inflammatory responses was applied to identify biomarker candidates in individual CSF samples from a well-characterized cohort comprising patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis ( Results: Three differentially expressed cytokines and inflammatory mediators were screened from the 80-cytokine array in cohort 1. Functional enrichment analysis results suggested that these differentially expressed proteins were related to autophagy, immune/inflammatory responses, cell death, and other processes. In cohort 2, the elevations of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (cIAP-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in anti-NMDAR encephalitis were validated by ELISA. Linear regression revealed that the levels of CSF CXCL13 and cIAP-1 were positively correlated with the highest modified Rankin scale (mRS) score in the acute phase ( Conclusion: These biomarkers show promising functions to evaluate severity or prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The biological processes of immune/inflammatory responses, altered levels of autophagy, and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signal pathway may be involved in the pathophysiology of anti-NMDAR encephalitis to some extent.
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