ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Evaluation of humoral and cellular response to four vaccines against COVID-19 in different age groups: A longitudinal study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design and immunogenicity evaluation of pan-recombinant vaccines based on the consensus sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Aging and vaccines: impact of immunosenescence and inflammaging in vaccine response.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Long-term humoral and cellular immune responses following Covaxin vaccination: a 2-year prospective longitudinal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Age-related changes in the immune system and challenges for the development of age-specific vaccines.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Age and primary vaccination schedule impact humoral and cellular immunity with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.iScience · 2025Article
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- Safety comparison of mRNA, viral vector, and inactivated Covid-19 vaccines: incidence of adverse events following primary and booster doses among medical professionals in Malaysia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparative duration of neutralizing responses and protections of COVID-19 vaccination and correlates of protection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine against symptom severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients infected with the Omicron variant.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- JN.1 variants circulating in Italy from October 2023 to April 2024: genetic diversity and immune recognition.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Follow-Up of the Specific Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Colombia.Journal of medical virology · 2025Observational
- An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
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- Measurement of IFN-γ and IL-2 for the assessment of the cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 15 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To date there has been limited head-to-head evaluation of immune responses to different types of COVID-19 vaccines. A real-world population-based longitudinal study was designed with the aim to define the magnitude and duration of immunity induced by each of four different COVID-19 vaccines available in Italy at the time of this study. Overall, 2497 individuals were enrolled at time of their first vaccination (T0). Vaccine-specific antibody responses induced over time by Comirnaty, Spikevax, Vaxzevria, Janssen Ad26.COV2.S and heterologous vaccination were compared up to six months after immunization. On a subset of Comirnaty vaccinees, serology data were correlated with the ability to neutralize a reference SARS-CoV-2 B strain, as well as Delta AY.4 and Omicron BA.1. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and memory B cells induced by the four different vaccines was assessed six months after the immunization. We found that mRNA vaccines are stronger inducer of anti-Spike IgG and B-memory cell responses. Humoral immune responses are lower in frail elderly subjects. Neutralization of the Delta AY.4 and Omicron BA.1 variants is severely impaired, especially in older individuals. Most vaccinees display a vaccine-specific T-cell memory six months after the vaccination. By describing the immunological response during the first phase of COVID-19 vaccination campaign in different cohorts and considering several aspects of the immunological response, this study allowed to collect key information that could facilitate the implementation of effective prevention and control measures against SARS-CoV-2.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.