ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Checkpoint inhibitors as immunotherapy for fungal infections: Promises, challenges, and unanswered questions.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Central Nervous System Aspergillosis: Advances in Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Multidisciplinary Management (2026 Update).Mycoses · 2026Review
- Dual-Targeting, Hybrid Antifungal Agents Targeting Candida albicans-An Overview.Chemical biology & drug design · 2026Review
- Innovation in antifungal therapy.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Decoding candidemia in critically ill patients: unsupervised clustering identifies three unique phenotypes.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Article
- Emerging evidence for anti-PD-1 and IFN-γ as adjunctive immunotherapy in invasive mold infections.mBio · 2026Article
- Exhausted T cell phenotypes in disseminated coccidioidomycosis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Immune-Based Prevention and Therapy Against Coccidioidomycosis: Current and Emerging Approaches.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exhausted T cell phenotypes in disseminated coccidioidomycosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Repurposing Itraconazole in Combination with Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor for Cancer.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Novel Targets and Nanotechnology Approaches in Treating Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Insights into Host-Microbe Interactions and Immunotherapy.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in infectious diseases: therapeutic reinvigoration, immunopathology, and precision targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Combined anti-PD-1 and amphotericin B therapy reduces fungal burden and enhances control of murine paracoccidioidomycosis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- The incidence and risk factors of pulmonary infection complications in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Emergence, function, and therapeutic strategies to target the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint during pathogenic fungal infections.Virulence · 2025Review
- STAT-1 gain-of-function CMC: Remission of Oral Candidiasis during PD-1 Inhibitor Treatment of Oral Cancer.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- T Cell Exhaustion and Function State Correlated With Outcomes in Patients With Intra-Abdominal Candidiasis.Mycoses · 2025Article
- Immunoengineering: An Emerging Field in Infectious Diseases.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Targeting Azole-ResistantVaccines · 2025Article
- Commemorating the Landmark Advances in Our Understanding of Mucormycosis by Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Advancing precision medicine: Uncovering biomarkers and strategies to mitigate immune-related adverse events in immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections have high mortality in patients with severe immune dysfunction. Growing evidence suggests that the immune environment of invasive fungal infections and cancers share common features of immune cell exhaustion through activation of immune checkpoint pathways. This observation gave rise to several preclinical studies and clinical case reports describing blockade of the Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 immune checkpoint pathways as an adjunct immune enhancement strategy to treat opportunistic fungal infections. The first part of this review summarizes the emerging evidence for contributions of checkpoint pathways to the immunopathology of fungal sepsis, opportunistic mold infections, and dimorphic fungal infections. We then review the potential merits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as an antifungal immunotherapy, including the incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms involved in both immuno-protective effects and toxicities. In the second part of this review, we discuss the limitations of the current evidence and the many unknowns about ICIs as an antifungal immune enhancement strategy. Based on these gaps of knowledge and lessons learned from cancer immunology studies, we outline a research agenda to determine a "sweet spot" for ICIs in medical mycology. We specifically discuss the importance of more nuanced animal models, the need to study ICI-based combination therapy, potential ICI resistance, the role of the immune microenvironment, and the impact of ICIs given as part of oncological therapies on the natural immunity to various pathogenic fungi.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.