ArticleJournal of family medicine and primary care2022
Effect of increased screen time on eyes during COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical manifestations, prevalence, and risk factors of asthenopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Associations between meeting 24h movement behavior guidelines and cognition, gray matter volume, and academic performance in children and adolescents: a systematic review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of computer vision syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Consensus on Diagnostic Criteria, Clinical Symptoms, and Risk Factors for Visual Fatigue: A Modified Delphi Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Work-related health issues among pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic levels.Industrial health · 2026Article
- Identifying Biomarkers Using a Portable, Home-Based Eye-Tracking System to Predict Short-Term Visual Fatigue Deterioration: Prospective Observational Feasibility Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Observational
- Cervical Oculopathy: The Cervical Spine Etiology of Visual Symptoms and Eye Diseases-A Hypothesis Exploring Mechanisms Linking the Neck and the Eye.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Review of Digital Eye Strain: Binocular Vision Anomalies, Ocular Surface Changes, and the Need for Objective Assessment.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Review
- Exploring computer vision syndrome among primary school students in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Article
- Investigation of asthenopia prevalence and related factors in university students with ordered logistic regression.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Article
- Visual Functioning and Mental Health in the Digital Age.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Prevalence and Interrelationships of Screen Time, Visual Disorders, and Neck Pain Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study at Majmaah University.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- COVID-19: vaccination, therapeutics and a review of the science and public health.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Digital Eye Straining: Exploring Its Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Effects on the Quality of Life.Cureus · 2024Article
- Comparing health risks and musculoskeletal issues between professional and casual mobile esports players: a cross-sectional descriptive study in Jakarta.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Digital Eye Strain: Updated Perspectives.Clinical optometry · 2024Review
- The spectrum of eating environments encountered in free living adults documented using a passive capture food intake wearable device.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Relationship between visual display terminal working hours and headache/eyestrain in Korean wage workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of increased screen time on ocular health during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis. Materials and Method: An online pretested, self-reported questionnaire with relevant details was generated through Google form and sent to participants. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to investigate the associations between the qualitative variables. The associated risk factors of number and frequency of ocular health problems were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Result: A total of 435 responses were considered where 48.5% (N = 211) were female participants and 51.5% (N = 224) were male. Average age of the participants was 35 years. 89% of the participants reported an increase in the screen time during the during the lockdown period. Younger age group reported to have greater screen time than the older participants (p = 0.001) and hence experienced more symptoms of digital eye strain (DES) (p = 0.003). The most common symptoms associated with digital eye strain in our study were eyestrain 52.8% (N = 230) and headache 31.3% (N = 136). In total, 81.37% (354/435) of participants had experienced at least one symptom related to digital screen usage. Conclusion: DES is non-vision-threatening but discomfort caused due to it can have implications on overall physical, mental, and social well-being. The study highlights the increase in digital screen time during the pandemic and the resultant eye strain. There is need of spreading awareness regarding the adverse effects of digital device use and the preventive measures to safeguard our ocular health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.