ArticleThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity2022
Comparing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality in four lifestyles with a combination of high/low physical activity and healthy/unhealthy diet: a prospective cohort study.
Article in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Oral Hygiene Practices in Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk, Incidence, and Mortality: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Diseases: Exploring Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Medicinal Plant-Based Therapies: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Discrepancies between validated and selected dietary exposures for association analysis: a meta-research study of cohorts examining diet-cardiovascular disease associations.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Diet, physical activity, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: repeated measures considerations.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Short-Term Effects of an mHealth Intervention on Healthy Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health in Sedentary Employees: Quasi-Experimental Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Introduction to secure data sharing in primary care using the federated causal learning models.BMJ health & care informatics · 2026Article
- Dietary Intake of Animal and Plant Proteins and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer Mortality: Results from the Golestan Cohort Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Combined effects of physical activity, cognitive activity, and dietary patterns on cognitive impairment in older adults with consideration of APOE genotype: a cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Current usage of inclisiran for cardiovascular diseases: overview of current clinical trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Trends and predictive research on the global burden of ischemic heart disease from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Joint association of anti-inflammatory diet and vigorous leisure-time physical activity on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in U.S. adults: findings from NHANES, 2007-2014.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Exercise Mediates Noncoding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathophysiological Roles and Clinical Application.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2024Review
- The association of diet quality and physical activity with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 85,545 older Australians: A longitudinal study.Journal of sport and health science · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Development and validation of nomograms for predicting cardiovascular disease risk in patients with prediabetes and diabetes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Global burden of cardiovascular diseases attributed to low physical activity: An analysis of 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2024Article
- Mineral Intake and Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality: Findings from the Golestan Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn this study, we assessed the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and all-cause mortality in subjects having an only physical activity or a healthy diet or both compared to those having none of these healthy behaviors in the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS).
methodsA total of 50,045 participants aged ≥ 40 years were recruited from Golestan Province, Iran, from 2004 to 2008 and followed for a median of 13.9 years. Four lifestyles were compared: healthy diet and active (HDA), healthy diet but inactive (HDI), unhealthy diet but active (UDA), and unhealthy diet and inactive (UDI), with UDI being considered as the reference group. Diet quality was assessed by the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet score, which was calculated based on a validated food frequency questionnaire. The primary outcomes were death from any cause and CVDs. Adjusted Cox models were used to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall and CVDs mortality.
resultsDuring 467,401 person-years of follow-up, 6,256 overall deaths and 2,043 confirmed CVDs deaths were reported. After adjustment for potential confounders, there was a significant lower risk for all-cause mortality in participants with both healthy behaviors (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.86) or only one healthy behavior [HDI: HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.90)] and [UDI: HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.97] compared to those with both unhealthy behaviors. For CVDs mortality, the HDA lifestyle (HR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.65 to 0.86), as well as the UDA lifestyle (HR = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.74 to 0.94) indicated a significant lower risk compared to the UDI lifestyle. The HDI lifestyle was not more effective than UDI.
conclusionThe greatest reduction in all-cause and CVDs mortality was related to the HDA. For all-cause mortality, both HDI and UDA lifestyles were associated with a decreased risk in comparison to UDI, but for CVDs mortality, only UDA but not HDI decreased the risk.
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