ArticleBiomarker insights2022
The Prognostic Value of Lung Injury and Fibrosis Markers, KL-6, TGF-β1, FGF-2 in COVID-19 Patients.
Article in Biomarker insights, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biochemical insights and microRNA profiling via next-generation sequencing in moderate and severe COVID-19 cases.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Vascular Immune Crosstalk in COVID-19: RAAS Biomarker Signature Linking Angiotensin II to Respiratory Compromise and Soluble ACE2 to IL-13 and FGF, Revealing Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- An RGD motif on SARS-CoV-2 Spike induces TGF-β signaling and downregulates interferon.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Fibroblast Growth Factors in Lung Development and Regeneration: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Cells · 2025Review
- Breathless Aftermath: Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis.Viruses · 2025Review
- Determination of both the expression and serum levels of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β1 genes in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Initial and peak serum levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 for predicting the prognosis of patients with COVID-19.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2025Article
- A narrative review on lung injury: mechanisms, biomarkers, and monitoring.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Review
- Serum KL-6 as a Candidate Predictor of Outcome in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) Levels in Post-COVID Follow-Up: Differences According to the Severity of COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- TGF Beta as a Prognostic Biomarker of COVID-19 Severity in Patients with NAFLD-A Prospective Case-Control Study.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Biomarkers of lung injury and interstitial fibrosis give insight about the extent of involvement and prognosis in well-known interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) reflects direct alveolar injury and, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) are principal mediators of fibrosis in ILD and in almost all fibrotic diseases. In this sense, we aimed to assess associations of these biomarkers with traditional inflammatory markers and clinical course of COVID-19. Methods: Patients with COVID-19 who had confirmed diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid RT-PCR were enrolled and followed up prospectively with a standardized approach one month after diagnosis. Patients were divided into severe and non-severe groups according to National Institutes of Health criteria. Outcome was assessed for the requirement of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, long term respiratory support and death. Blood samples were collected at enrollment and serum levels of KL-6, TGF-β1, FGF-2 were determined by ELISA. Association between these markers with other prognostic markers and prognosis were analyzed. Results: Overall 31 severe and 28 non-severe COVID-19 patients were enrolled and were compared with healthy control subjects (n = 30). Serum KL-6 levels in COVID-19 patients were significantly higher (median [IQR]; 11.54 [4.86] vs 8.54 [3.98] ng/mL, Conclusions: Serum KL-6 levels were significantly elevated at the diagnosis of COVID-19 and correlated well with the other traditional prognostic inflammatory markers. Serum levels of principal fibrosis mediators, TGF-β1, FGF-2, were not elevated at diagnosis of COVID-19, therefore did not help to anticipate long term prognosis.
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