ArticleJournal of anatomy2023
Coracoid strength as an indicator of wing-beat propulsion in birds.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- From sagittal to sprawled: Clavicular co-option and the evolution of forelimb mechanics in talpines.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Relationship between carina size and sternum morphology in birds reflects physical constraints of body size and flight style.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- The pectoralis muscle orientation as an indicator of the modes of wing-propelled locomotion in birds.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Forelimb feathering, soft tissues, and skeleton of the flying dromaeosaurid Microraptor.BMC ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Toward a Comprehensive Anatomical Matrix for Crown Birds: Phylogenetic Insights from the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Skeleton.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Coracoid strength as an indicator of wing-beat propulsion in birds.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Birds generate a propulsive force by flapping their wings. They use this propulsive force for various locomotion styles, such as aerodynamic flight, wing-paddle swimming and wing-assisted incline running. It is therefore important to reveal the origin of flapping ability in the evolution from theropod dinosaurs to birds. However, there are no quantitative indices to reconstruct the flapping abilities of extinct forms based on their skeletal morphology. This study compares the section modulus of the coracoid relative to body mass among various extant birds to test whether the index is correlated with flapping ability. According to a survey of 220 historical bird specimens representing 209 species, 180 genera, 83 families and 30 orders, the section modulus of the coracoid relative to body mass in non-flapping birds was significantly smaller than that of flapping birds. This indicates that coracoid strength in non-flapping birds is deemphasised, whereas in flapping birds the strength is emphasised to withstand the contractile force produced by powerful flapping muscles, such as the m. pectoralis and m. supracoracoideus. Therefore, the section modulus of the coracoid is expected to be a powerful tool to reveal the origin of powered flight in birds.
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