Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36380391›Full record

ArticleNutrition journal2022

Agreement between 24-hour urine and 24-hour food recall in measuring salt intake in primary school children in Australia.

Joseph Alvin Santos, Kristy A Bolton, Emalie Rosewarne, Kathy Trieu, Gian Luca Di Tanna, Mark Woodward, Jacqui Webster, Carley Grimes

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Article in Nutrition journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Joseph Alvin SantosThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia. jsantos@georgeinstitute.org.au.
Kristy A BoltonInstitute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
Emalie RosewarneThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
Kathy TrieuThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
Gian Luca Di TannaThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
Mark WoodwardThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
Jacqui WebsterThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
Carley GrimesInstitute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMonitoring salt consumption in children is essential for informing and implementing public health interventions to reduce children's salt intake. However, collection of 24-hour urines, considered as the most reliable approach, can be especially challenging to school children. This study aimed to assess the agreement between 24-hour urine (24hrU) and 24-hour food recall (24hrFR) in: (1) estimating salt intake in children; (2) classifying salt intakes above the recommended upper level set for children, and; (3) estimating change in mean salt intake over time.

methodsThis study utilised data from two cross-sectional surveys of school children aged 8 to 12 years living in the state of Victoria, Australia. A single 24hrU and 24hrFR were collected from each participant. Suspected inaccurate urine collections and implausible energy intakes were excluded based on pre-defined criteria. The agreement between the two methods was assessed using Bland-Altman methodology, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the kappa statistic. The difference between the measured change in salt intake over time using 24hrU and 24hrFR was derived using mixed effects linear regression analysis.

resultsA total of 588 participants provided a 24hrU and 24hrFR. Overall, there was no meaningful difference in mean estimated salt intake between the two methods (- 0.2 g/day, 95% CI - 0.5 to 0.1). The Bland-Altman plot showed wide 95% limits of agreement (- 7.2 to 6.8). The ICC between the two methods was 0.13 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.21). There was poor interrater reliability in terms of classifying salt intake above the recommended upper level for children, with an observed agreement of 63% and kappa statistic of 0.11. The change in mean salt intake over time was 0.2 g/day (- 0.4 to 0.7) based on 24hrU, and 0.5 g/day (- 0.0 to 1.1) based on 24hrFR, with a difference-in-differences of 0.4 g/day (- 0.3 to 1.1).

conclusions24hrFR appears to provide a reasonable estimate of mean salt intake as measured by 24hrU in Australian school children. However, similar to previous observations in adults, and of studies exploring other alternative methods for estimating salt intake, 24hrFR is a poor predictor of individual-level salt intake in children.

Indexed as

SchoolsSodium Chloride, DietaryAdultAustraliaChildCross-Sectional StudiesHumansReproducibility of ResultsSodium Chloride, Dietary24-hour food recall24-hour urineSalt intake

Identifiers

PMID36380391
PMCPMC9664040

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.