ArticleBMC public health2022
Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants and risk of fatal overdose: A cohort study.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perception and Correlates of Opioid Overdose Risk Among Overdose Survivors Who Use Nonprescribed Opioids in San Francisco and Boston.Substance use & addiction journal · 2024Trial
- Daily patterns of opioid and stimulant use and associated risk-behavior outcomes: A cohort study.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Effects of opioids and stimulants on the respiratory system.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Higher prevalence of non-fatal overdose with opioid and stimulant use compared to use of opioids alone.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Opioid and Stimulant Coprescriptions among South Carolina Residents.Southern medical journal · 2026Article
- Stimulant use predicts high-risk substance use behaviors during medication treatment for opioid use disorder.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Polysubstance use in Canada: prevalence, patterns, and self-reported harms from the 2023 Canadian Substance Use Survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Addiction care outcomes between insured and state opioid response grant-funded patients in a Medicaid non-expansion state.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Trends in fentanyl-containing drug samples seized by law enforcement agencies across Canada.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Social, Economic, and health risks among people who use Methamphetamine: Comparing three patterns of opioid Co-Use.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Interpreting Fentanyl and Norfentanyl Concentrations among Patients Seen in the Emergency Department after a Nonfatal Opioid Overdose: A Multicenter Study.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2026Article
- 24-48 h initiation by transdermal buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder in the inpatient setting: a retrospective chart review.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- The relationship between injection status, cocaine use, overdose, and drug-related behaviors among people who use opioids.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Overdose risk in the context of chemsex among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.Harm reduction journal · 2026Review
- Infectious disease complications associated with opioid use disorder at a southern county hospital: a retrospective chart review.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Responding to the increase in substance use, HIV, HCV, and overdose in New England (RISE-NE): Protocol for a prospective cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation (NET Device™) on psychostimulant withdrawal severity and time course: a real-world data analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Strategic approaches to reducing the substance use-related burden of disease in Canada.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Substances and substance combinations among accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths (AATDs) in Canada from 2016 to 2017.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Syringe service program leader and participant perspectives on reasons for opioid-stimulant co-use in the United States.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStimulant use has been rising among people with opioid use disorder in recent years in North America, alongside a parallel rise in illicit drug toxicity (overdose) deaths. This study aimed to examine the association between stimulant use and overdose mortality.
methodsData from a universal health insurance client roster were used to identify a 20% random general population sample (aged ≥12) in British Columbia, Canada between January 1 2015 and December 31 2018 (N = 1,089,682). Provincial health records were used to identify people who used opioids and/or stimulants. Fatal overdose observed during follow-up (January 12,015- December 312,018) was retrieved from Vital Statistics Death Registry and BC Coroners Service Data. Potential confounders including age, sex, health region, comorbidities and prescribed medications were retrieved from the provincial client roster and health records.
resultsWe identified 7460 people who used stimulants and or opioids. During follow-up there were 272 fatal overdose events. People who used both opioids and stimulants had more than twice the hazard of fatal overdose (HR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.47-2.78, p < 0.001) compared to people who used opioids only. The hazard of death increased over time among people who used both opioids and stimulants.
conclusionsThere is an urgent need to prioritize the service needs of people who use stimulants to reduce overdose mortality in British Columbia. Findings have relevance more broadly in other North American settings, where similar trends in opioid and stimulant polysubstance use have been observed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.