ArticleInternational immunopharmacology2022
Low-dose naltrexone reduced anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in International immunopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Low-Dose Naltrexone: What is the Evidence? A Narrative Review.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Exploring the possible mechanism of low-dose naloxone exposure improving the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Fascia as a regulatory system in health and disease.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Opiate Antagonists for Chronic Pain: A Review on the Benefits of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Arthritis versus Non-Arthritic Diseases.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) have been considered at high risk for vaccination and/or acquisition of COVID-19 related to their reduced immune systems and daily regimen of immune suppressing therapy. Substantiated and unsubstantiated reports on these unknown circumstances increased anxiety and depression. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is a potentially effective off-label therapy shown to be effective at controlling fatigue for several autoimmune disorders including MS. This study utilized a small population of PwMS from central Pennsylvania in order to determine whether LDN therapy altered their perceived anxiety or depression during the early months of COVID-19. Utilizing mailed surveys, self-reported anxiety and depression scores were found to be significantly lower for PwMS who were prescribed LDN either alone or as an adjuvant to a standard disease modifying therapy (DMT) in comparison to those on oral disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). The data suggest that the non-toxic, inexpensive biotherapeutic may be beneficial in lessening anxiety.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.