ArticlePloS one2022
Association of urban inequality and income segregation with COVID-19 mortality in Brazil.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Ecological Study on the Mortality Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic According to Country Development Status and Pandemic Years.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Insomnia Among Adolescents in Northern Peru: Associations with Psychosocial, Health-Related, and Educational Factors in a Cross-Sectional Study Across Five Schools.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- How do structural inequalities influence COVID-19 hospital mortality among traditional peoples and communities? A cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil, 2021-2023.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- The association between residential segregation and stillbirths in Brazil-a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Associations of municipality-level income and racial segregation with individual-level tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil: a nationwide cohort study (2010-2019).Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Is Income and Racial Residential Segregation Associated with 13-Year Changes in Body Mass Index? A Longitudinal Analysis in the Brazilian Pró-Saúde Cohort Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Life course socioeconomic position, intergenerational social mobility, and mortality among Brazilian public servants in the ELSA-Brasil cohort.Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Urban Environments, Health, and Environmental Sustainability: Findings From the SALURBAL Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Review
- Spatiotemporal hierarchical Bayesian analysis to identify factors associated with COVID-19 in suburban areas in Colombia.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic Urban Environment in Latin America: Towards a Typology of Cities.Sustainability · 2023Article
- COVID-19 mortality in Brazil, 2020-21: consequences of the pandemic inadequate management.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Socioeconomic factors have exacerbated the impact of COVID-19 worldwide. Brazil, already marked by significant economic inequalities, is one of the most affected countries, with one of the highest mortality rates. Understanding how inequality and income segregation contribute to excess mortality by COVID-19 in Brazilian cities is essential for designing public health policies to mitigate the impact of the disease. This paper aims to fill in this gap by analyzing the effect of income inequality and income segregation on COVID-19 mortality in large urban centers in Brazil. We compiled weekly COVID-19 mortality rates from March 2020 to February 2021 in a longitudinal ecological design, aggregating data at the city level for 152 Brazilian cities. Mortality rates from COVID-19 were compared across weeks, cities and states using mixed linear models. We estimated the associations between COVID-19 mortality rates with income inequality and income segregation using mixed negative binomial models including city and week-level random intercepts. We measured income inequality using the Gini index and income segregation using the dissimilarity index using data from the 2010 Brazilian demographic census. We found that 88.2% of COVID-19 mortality rates variability was between weeks, 8.5% between cities, and 3.3% between states. Higher-income inequality and higher-income segregation values were associated with higher COVID-19 mortality rates before and after accounting for all adjustment factors. In our main adjusted model, rate ratios (RR) per 1 SD increases in income inequality and income segregation were associated with 17% (95% CI 9% to 26%) and 11% (95% CI 4% to 19%) higher mortality. Income inequality and income segregation are long-standing hallmarks of large Brazilian cities. Risk factors related to the socioeconomic context affected the course of the pandemic in the country and contributed to high mortality rates. Pre-existing social vulnerabilities were critical factors in the aggravation of COVID-19, as supported by the observed associations in this study.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.