Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal New Insights into the Regulatory Mechanism of Head Milled Rice Rate.

The head milled rice rate (HMRR) is the most important trait of milling quality, which affects the final yield and quality of rice. However, few genes related to HMRR have been identified and the regulatory mechanism of HMRR remains elusive. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis integrating the transcriptome sequencing of developing seeds at the grain-filling stage and a metabolome analysis of brown rice between two groups of accessions with contrasting performances in HMRR. A total of 768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the transcriptome profiles of low-HMRR and high-HMRR accessions. In comparison to the high-HMRR accessions, 655 DEGs were up-regulated in the low-HMRR accessions, which was 4.79 folds higher than the number of down-regulated genes. These up-regulated DEGs were enriched in various metabolic and biosynthetic processes, oxidation reduction, phosphorylation, ion transport and ATP-related processes. However, the 113 down-regulated DEGs in the low-HMRR accessions were concentrated in carbohydrate metabolic processes, cell-death-related processes and defense response. Among the 30 differential metabolites, 20 and 10 metabolites were down-/up-regulated, respectively, in the accessions with low HMRR. In addition, 10 differential metabolites, including five metabolites of the shikimate pathway and five metabolites of the pyruvate pathway, were integrated into two separate pathways, starting from sucrose. Our global analysis of HMRR provides an invaluable resource for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the genetic regulation of HMRR.