SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Restorative Effects from Green Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: an updated systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis in a combined sample of 3.3 million people.British journal of sports medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Green spaces, blue spaces and human health: an updated umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Credibility of the evidence on green space and human health: an overview of meta-analyses using evidence grading approaches.EBioMedicine · 2024Pooled it
- Residential Greenspace and Domestic Gardens, Genetic Predisposition, and Incident Glaucoma: A Prospective Cohort Study.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Urban greenspace and dementia: Measures, mechanisms, and methodological guidance.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- The Influence of Deep Space and the Stars on Emotions.International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie · 2026Article
- Household-level surrounding greenspace as a nature-based intervention for health recovery after occupational injury.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Sensing nature in the city: The role of sight and sound in restorative tropical urban green spaces.PloS one · 2026Article
- Non-linear effects of the urban green space on promoting restorative physical activity among older adults living with different chronic disease status in semi-arid area: a case study of Lanzhou, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Bidirectional effect modification of greenness exposure and air pollution on ischemic stroke mortality across different temporal scales.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association between green space exposure and elderly health: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- An integrative review of the physical, mental, and socioeconomic benefits of outdoor hiking.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- From images to health insight: integrating MLLM, NLP, and objective Q-sorting of nursing-home built environment orientations.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The effect of residential greenness on cardiovascular mortality from a large cohort in South China: An in-depth analysis of effect modification by multiple demographic and lifestyle characteristics.Environment international · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite growing research on green space and health benefits, the body of evidence remains heterogeneous and unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with high evidence levels are deemed timely. We searched Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for the literature up to January 2022 and assessed bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0. We calculated joint impact estimates for each green space exposure assessment technique using random and fixed effects models. Compared to non-green space situations, green space exposure was related to decreased negative feelings, such as fatigue -0.84 (95% CI: -1.15 to -0.54), and increased levels of pleasant emotions, such as vitality 0.85 (95% CI: 0.52 to 1.18). It also lowered physiological indicators, including heart rate levels, by 0.60 (95% CI: -0.90 to -0.31). Effect sizes were large and statistically significant, and the overall quality of the evidence was good. Existing RCTs on greenspace exposure pay insufficient attention to older and adolescent populations, different ethnic groups, different regions, and doses of greenspace exposure interventions. More research is needed to understand how and how much green space investment has the most restorative benefits and guide urban green space planning and renewal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.