ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
From an Apple to a Pear: Moving Fat around for Reversing Insulin Resistance.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Target tissue insulin resistance in early and late onset of overweight or obesity.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of a culturally adapted group-based lifestyle intervention in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in a high-risk Latin American population.Translational behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting adipose remodeling: Synergistic mechanisms of drugs and adipose-derived stem cells in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus.World journal of stem cells · 2025Review
- Phthalates exposure and longitudinal trajectories of body composition and regional fat distribution in children: shifting towards "apple-shaped" body and the role of physical activity.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Pear-shaped body types linked to lower risk of gout: genetic evidence from Mendelian randomization.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Article
- Prevalence of chronic diarrhea and its association with obesity in a Chinese community-based population.Chinese medical journal · 2025Article
- Abdominal and hip fat percentages are associated with fragility fractures: evidence from a large cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Correlation between the body roundness index and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Abdominal versus femoral subcutaneous fat gene expression in non-obese insulin resistant individuals.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Body composition and cognitive function in Chinese rural adults: an exploratory factor analysis and network analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sex differences of visceral fat with cardiac structure and function in type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study.Journal of diabetes · 2024Article
- Association Between Body Composition Patterns, Cardiovascular Disease, and Risk of Neurodegenerative Disease in the UK Biobank.Neurology · 2024Article
- Sex-specific association of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes with systemic inflammation and innate immune cells in people living with obesity.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Observational
- Visceral adipose tissue adiponectin predicts excess weight loss after bariatric surgery in females with severe obesity.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Observational
- Mechanisms of body fat distribution and gluteal-femoral fat protection against metabolic disorders.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Article
- Baseline treatments and metabolic control of 288,913 type 2 diabetes patients in a 10-year retrospective cohort in Malaysia.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- First Trimester Evaluation of Maternal Visceral Fat and Its Relationship with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.Biology · 2023Article
- Association of the android to gynoid fat ratio with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition where the body is resistant to insulin, leading to an elevated blood glucose state. Obesity is a main factor leading to T2D. Many clinical studies, however, have described a proportion of obese individuals who express a metabolically healthy profile, whereas some lean individuals could develop metabolic disorders. To study obesity as a risk factor, body fat distribution needs to be considered rather than crude body weight. Different individuals' bodies favor storing fat in different depots; some tend to accumulate more fat in the visceral depot, while others tend to store it in the femoral depot. This tendency relies on different factors, including genetic background and lifestyle. Consuming some types of medications can cause a shift in this tendency, leading to fat redistribution. Fat distribution plays an important role in the progression of risk of insulin resistance (IR). Apple-shaped individuals with enhanced abdominal obesity have a higher risk of IR compared to BMI-matched pear-shaped individuals, who store their fat in the gluteal-femoral depots. This is related to the different adipose tissue physiology between these two depots. In this review, we will summarize the recent evidence highlighting the underlying protective mechanisms in gluteal-femoral subcutaneous adipose tissues compared to those associated with abdominal adipose tissue, and we will revise the recent evidence showing antidiabetic drugs that impact fat distribution as they manage the T2D condition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.