ArticleThe journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice2023
Continuous Rather Than Solely Early Farm Exposure Protects From Hay Fever Development.
Article in The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental risk factors for allergic rhinitis differ by income level: A Global Asthma Network survey.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Article
- The gut-lung axis in childhood asthma: from early-life programming to microbiome-informed precision medicine-a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- From gut microbiota dysbiosis to immune dysregulation: pathogenic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic perspectives in pediatric asthma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Early-Life Host-Microbial Interactions and Asthma Development: A Lifelong Impact?Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Rurality and relative poverty drive acquisition of a stable and diverse gut microbiome in early childhood in a non-industrialized setting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota modulation: a key determinant of atopic dermatitis susceptibility in children.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Rurality and relative poverty drive acquisition of a stable and diverse gut microbiome in early childhood in a non-industrialized setting.Research square · 2024Article
- Radiation-Detoxified Form of Endotoxin Effectively Activates ThInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Gut microbiota markers in early childhood are linked to farm living, pets in household and allergy.PloS one · 2024Article
- From Amish farm dust to bacterial lysates: The long and winding road to protection from allergic disease.Seminars in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 11 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAn important window of opportunity for early-life exposures has been proposed for the development of atopic eczema and asthma.
objectiveHowever, it is unknown whether hay fever with a peak incidence around late school age to adolescence is similarly determined very early in life.
methodsIn the Protection against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) birth cohort potentially relevant exposures such as farm milk consumption and exposure to animal sheds were assessed at multiple time points from infancy to age 10.5 years and classified by repeated measure latent class analyses (n = 769). Fecal samples at ages 2 and 12 months were sequenced by 16S rRNA. Hay fever was defined by parent-reported symptoms and/or physician's diagnosis of hay fever in the last 12 months using questionnaires at 10.5 years.
resultsFarm children had half the risk of hay fever at 10.5 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.50; 95% CI 0.31-0.79) than that of nonfarm children. Whereas early life events such as gut microbiome richness at 12 months (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46-0.96) and exposure to animal sheds in the first 3 years of life (aOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.06-1.15) were determinants of hay fever, the continuous consumption of farm milk from infancy up to school age was necessary to exert the protective effect (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.17-0.72).
conclusionsWhile early life events determine the risk of subsequent hay fever, continuous exposure is necessary to achieve protection. These findings argue against the notion that only early life exposures set long-lasting trajectories.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.