ReviewClinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)2022
Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities.
Review in Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Algae-specific immune modulation influences responses to heat and pathogen challenge in a symbiotic coral.Science advances · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation in prolonged Long-COVID: lymphocytes emerge as key mediators of persistent inflammation, exhaustion and cytotoxicity.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Computational proteomics to enhance personalized treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID.Clinical proteomics · 2026Review
- Post-COVID-19 Jaw Osteonecrosis: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Genetic variations in AAK1 and ADAM17 associated with circulatory cytokines changes influence COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.Human genomics · 2026Article
- Structural modeling and functional characterization of a novel gain-of-function TLR8 variant causing severe inflammatory syndrome.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Exploratory characterization of dynamic soluble programmed death-ligand 1 trajectories and their association with mortality in critical coronavirus disease 2019.Journal of intensive care · 2026Article
- COVID-19 immunopathological features for the prediction and prevention of future emerging respiratory viral infections.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Comparison of Omicron and respiratory virus infections in pediatric liver transplantation: Impact of perioperative identification status.Virulence · 2025Article
- T-cell exhaustion and antibody response in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- COVID-19-associated Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and the Role of IVIG Therapy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Exploring the oncogenic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- TIPE2 suppresses ferroptosis and pro-inflammatory polarization in macrophages triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters.Cell reports · 2025Article
- The impact of vaccine booster doses on specific B- and T-lymphocyte dynamics in Thai healthcare personnel following COVID-19 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Incorporating hierarchical information into multiple instance learning for patient phenotype prediction with single-cell RNA-sequencing data.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- The causal effect of natural killer cells on COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and severity.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Article
- Harnessing Epigenetics: Innovative Approaches in Diagnosing and Combating Viral Acute Respiratory Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Convergent and divergent immune aberrations in COVID-19, post-COVID-19-interstitial lung disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2025Article
- Latent tuberculosis coinfection in mild COVID-19 is associated with a distinct immune cell phenotype marked by enhanced cytotoxic degranulation and mitochondrial alterations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exhaustion of immune cells in COVID-19 remains a serious concern for infection management and therapeutic interventions. As reported, immune cells such as T effector cells (Teff), T regulatory cells (Tregs), natural killer cells (NKs), and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) exhibit uncontrolled functions in COVID-19. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that orchestrate immune cell functionality and virus interaction are still unknown. Recent studies linked adaptive immune cell exhaustion to underlying epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the epigenetic transcription of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors (ICs). Further to that, the over-activation of T cells accompanied by the dysfunctionality of DCs and Tregs may enhance uncontrollable alveoli inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19. This might explain the reasons behind the failure of DC-based vaccines in inducing sufficient anti-viral responses. This review explains the processes behind the over-activation and exhaustion of innate and adaptive immune cells in COVID-19, which may contribute to developing novel immune intervention strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.