ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Comparative Studies of Palmatine with Metformin and Glimepiride on the Modulation of Insulin Dependent Signaling Pathway In Vitro, In Vivo & Ex Vivo.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Palmatine ameliorates MASLD in type 2 diabetes by modulating hepatic apoptosis and inflammation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From traditional remedy to modern therapy: a comprehensive review of palmatine's multi-target mechanisms and ethnopharmacological potential.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Impact of non-nutritive sweeteners on bacterial quorum sensing and phenotypic expression: implications for gut microbiome dynamics.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Effect of Black Tea Polysaccharides on Alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating PI3K/Akt/GLUT2 Pathway.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Glucosamine substituted sulfonylureas: IRS-PI3K-PKC-AKT-GLUT4 insulin signalling pathway intriguing agent.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Deciphering the shared mechanisms of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in treating type 2 diabetes and ulcerative colitis via bioinformatics and machine learning.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- The Natural Alkaloid Palmatine Selectively Induces Mitophagy and Restores Mitochondrial Function in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
(1) Insulin resistance, a symptom of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is caused by the inactivation of the insulin signaling pathway, which includes IRS-PI3K-IRS-1-PKC-AKT2 and GLUT4. Metformin (biguanide) and glimepiride (sulfonylurea) are both drugs that are derivatives of urea, and they are widely used as first-line drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Palmatine has been previously reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. (2) The current study compared palmatine to metformin and glimepiride in a type 2 diabetes model for ADME and insulin resistance via the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway: in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico molecular docking. (3) Methods: Differentiated L6 skeletal muscle cells and soleus muscle tissue were incubated in standard tissue culture media supplemented with high insulin and high glucose as a cellular model of insulin resistance, whilst streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Sprague Dawley rats were used as the diabetic model. The cells/tissue/animals were treated with palmatine, while glimepiride and metformin were used as standard drugs. The differential gene expression of PI3K, IRS-1, PKC-α, AKT2, and GLUT4 was evaluated using qPCR. (4) Results: The results revealed that the genes IRS-PI3K-IRS-1-PKC-AKT2 were significantly down-regulated, whilst PKC-α was upregulated significantly in both insulin-resistant cells and tissue animals. Interestingly, palmatine-treated cells/tissue/animals were able to reverse these effects. (5) Conclusions: Palmatine appears to have rejuvenated the impaired insulin signaling pathway through upregulation of the gene expression of IRS-1, PI3K, AKT2, and GLUT4 and downregulation of PKC-expression, according to in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies.
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