ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2023
Sex differences in the inflammatory response to stroke.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineered extracellular vesicles for ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Pooled it
- Chronic hypertension and social isolation disrupt the blood-brain barrier and memory in a sex-dependent manner.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene 6 promotes hematoma clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage in a mouse model.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Protective Effect of Brain Volume: Age Attenuates Protection in Women.Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Molecular heterogeneity in human stroke - What can we learn from the peripheral blood transcriptome?Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer as Endogenous Neuroprotection: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications in Ischemic Stroke.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- Photothrombotic and middle cerebral artery occlusion models produce distinct neurovascular injury and sex-dependent outcomes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Perivascular SPP1 Drives Microglial Synaptic Engulfment After Ischemic Stroke.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- The Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio: An Emerging Biomarker Associated With Primary Stroke Risk in Hypertensive Patients.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Article
- Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Ischemic Stroke: Investigating Inflammatory Mechanisms.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Review
- Brain-specific immune hub activation in paediatric focal lesional epilepsy: a case-control study.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Protective Effect of Brain Volume: Age Attenuates Protection in Females.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- TNFR2 signaling shapes the sex-specific remyelinating properties of microglia after experimental stroke.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- Gender-specific associations of blood immune markers with symptoms and cognitive function in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional observational study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Observational
- Sex-specific cell death mechanisms in rodent sub-acute and chronic stroke.Neuroscience letters · 2025Article
- 3-Monothiopomalidomide, a new immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD), blunts inflammation and mitigates ischemic stroke in the rat.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Article
- Immunity in neuromodulation: probing neural and immune pathways in brain disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Sex differences in age-associated neurological diseases-A roadmap for reliable and high-yield research.Science advances · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and disproportionally affects women, in part due to their higher longevity. Older women have poorer outcomes after stroke with high rates of cognitive deficits, depression, and reduced quality of life. Post-stroke inflammatory responses are also sexually dimorphic and drive differences in infarct size and recovery. Factors that influence sex-specific immune responses can be both intrinsic and extrinsic. Differences in gonadal hormone exposure, sex chromosome compliment, and environmental/social factors can drive changes in transcriptional and metabolic profiles. In addition, how these variables interact, changes across the lifespan. After the onset of ischemic injury, necrosis and apoptosis occur, which activate microglia and other glial cells within the central nervous system, promoting the release of cytokines and chemokines and neuroinflammation. Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses also have dual functions after stroke as they can enhance inflammation acutely, but also contribute to suppression of the inflammatory cascade and later repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on sex-specific inflammatory responses to ischemic stroke. Understanding these differences is critical to identifying therapeutic options for both men and women.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.