Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36353998›Full record

SynthesisHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2023

Independent Associations of Education, Intelligence, and Cognition With Hypertension and the Mediating Effects of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Yiying Wang, Chaojie Ye, Lijie Kong, Jie Zheng, Min Xu, Yu Xu, Mian Li, Zhiyun Zhao, Jieli Lu, Yuhong Chen and 4 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
51citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
14.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Yiying Wang *Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Chaojie Ye *Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Lijie Kong *Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Jie ZhengDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).ORCID 0000-0002-6623-6839
Min XuDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Yu XuDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Mian LiDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).ORCID 0000-0001-6514-2729
Zhiyun ZhaoDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).ORCID 0000-0001-5950-2732
Jieli LuDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Yuhong ChenDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Weiqing WangDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Guang NingDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).ORCID 0000-0002-5754-7635
Yufang BiDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).
Tiange WangDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Y.W., C.Y., L.K., J.Z., M.X., Y.X., M.L., Z.Z., J.L., Y.C., W.W., G.N., Y.B., T.W.).ORCID 0000-0003-0723-489X
National Health and Family Planning Commission · CN

Funding

Medical Research Council MC_PC_17228Medical Research Council MC_QA137853
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEducation, intelligence, and cognition are associated with hypertension, but which one plays the most prominent role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and which modifiable risk factors mediate the causal effects remains unknown.

methodsUsing summary statistics of genome-wide association studies of predominantly European ancestry, we conducted 2-sample multivariable Mendelian randomization to estimate the independent effects of education, intelligence, or cognition on hypertension (FinnGen study, 70 651 cases/223 663 controls; UK Biobank, 77 723 cases/330 366 controls) and blood pressure (International Consortium of Blood Pressure, 757 601 participants), and used 2-step Mendelian randomization to evaluate 25 potential mediators of the association and calculate the mediated proportions.

resultsMeta-analysis of inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization results from FinnGen and UK Biobank showed that genetically predicted 1-SD (4.2 years) higher education was associated with 44% (95% CI: 0.40-0.79) decreased hypertension risk and 1.682 mm Hg lower systolic and 0.898 mm Hg lower diastolic blood pressure, independently of intelligence and cognition. While the causal effects of intelligence and cognition on hypertension were not independent of education; 6 out of 25 cardiometabolic risk factors were identified as mediators of the association between education and hypertension, ranked by mediated proportions, including body mass index (mediated proportion: 30.1%), waist-to-hip ratio (22.8%), body fat percentage (14.1%), major depression (7.0%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4.7%), and triglycerides (3.4%). These results were robust to sensitivity analyses.

conclusionsOur findings illustrated the causal, independent impact of education on hypertension and blood pressure and outlined cardiometabolic mediators as priority targets for prevention of hypertension attributable to low education.

Indexed as

Genome-Wide Association StudyHypertensionHumanscardiometabolic risk factorscognitioneducationhypertensionintelligencemediation analysesMendelian randomization

Identifiers

PMID36353998
PMCPMC9722390
OpenAlexW4308687460

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.