ReviewEuropean journal of medical research2022
Sex differences in heart: from basics to clinics.
Review in European journal of medical research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex bias consideration in healthcare machine-learning research: a systematic review in rheumatoid arthritis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Unveiling sex dimorphism in the healthy cardiac anatomy: Fundamental differences between male and female heart shapes.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Paternal sleep deprivation and cardiac dysfunction in offspring: A perspective of myocardial hypertrophy.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Sex-specific short- and long-term outcomes in patients with leadless cardiac pacemakers.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026Observational
- Differences in mortality by donor sex and age in heart transplantation: An individual patient data meta-analysis.JHLT open · 2026Article
- 17β-Estradiol Does Not Designate Non-Sex-Specific Early Ventricular Arrhythmia in Acute Myocardial Infarction, in Contrast to C-Reactive Protein.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- QTc interval prolongation in pediatric eating disorder population.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Delayed late ventricular depolarization is associated with inflammation in epicardial Fat Among females: a New avenue in cardiac electrophysiology.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in human atrial electrophysiology: the dark side of the moon? Will engineered heart tissue help to bring light into the darkness?Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Inhibitory effect of oestradiol on the cardiac KExperimental physiology · 2026Article
- Molecular remodeling of the myocardium in mice with melanocortin-4 receptor deletion before cardiac function impairment.PloS one · 2026Article
- The cost of explainability in artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiogram models.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Electrocardiographic Profiles by sex in a cohort of healthy Vietnamese university students.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Beyond the QT interval: how QT/RR hysteresis may reveal a sex-dependent hidden risk for cardiac arrhythmias.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Brain-wide Mapping of Afferent and Efferent Nuclei Associated with the Heart in the Mouse.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
- Development and Clinical Validation of a Cross-Sex Translator of ECG Drug Responses.JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · 2025Article
- Sex-specific human electromechanical multiscale in-silico models for virtual therapy evaluation.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2025Article
- Cellular and Molecular Architecture of Renin-Angiotensin System Signaling in the PVN Under Cardiometabolic Stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Precision cardiac electrophysiology: toward digital twins and beyond.Journal of precision medicine (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Diastolic Function Following Myocardial Infarction on Doppler Echocardiography.Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex differences exist in the structure and function of human heart. The patterns of ventricular repolarization in normal electrocardiograms (ECG) differ in men and women: men ECG pattern displays higher T-wave amplitude and increased ST angle. Generally, women have longer QT duration because of reduced repolarization reserve, and thus, women are more susceptible for the occurrence of torsades de pointes associated with drugs prolonging ventricular repolarization. Sex differences are also observed in the prevalence, penetrance and symptom severity, and also in the prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Generally, women live longer, have less clinical symptoms of cardiac diseases, and later onset of symptoms than men. Sex hormones also play an important role in regulating ventricular repolarization, suggesting that hormones directly influence various cellular functions and adrenergic regulation. From the clinical perspective, sex-based differences in heart physiology are widely recognized, but in daily practice, cardiac diseases are often underdiagnosed and untreated in the women. The underlying mechanisms of sex differences are, however, poorly understood. Here, we summarize sex-dependent differences in normal cardiac physiology, role of sex hormones, and differences in drug responses. Furthermore, we also discuss the importance of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in further understanding the mechanism of differences in women and men.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.