ArticlePloS one2022
A cross-sectional study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological outcomes: Multiple indicators and multiple causes modeling.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Was the COVID-19 Pandemic a Triggering Factor for PTSD in Adults? Results From A Systematic Review.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Pooled it
- An umbrella review of the prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: Call to action for post-COVID-19 at the global level.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Burnout increased among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Response to COVID-19 vaccination: Psychological stress and intentions of nursing personnel in Taiwan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Predicting sleep quality among college students during COVID-19 lockdown using a LASSO-based neural network model.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on misinformation beliefs among survivors of the 2008 China earthquake: the mediating roles of rumination and fear of missing out.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Prevalence and correlates of severe anxiety among front-line nurses during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale multi-center study.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Psychometric validation of the Chinese-adapted eczema behavior checklist extent scale in pediatric atopic dermatitis patients.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Article
- Three forms of temporal disorientation: A thematic analysis of subjective reports about Covid-19 restriction periods.PloS one · 2025Article
- Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and correlates in a multi-ethnic population Singapore.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The mediating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between social support and depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses during the omicron outbreak.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Embracing impermanence: life events, fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress in the context of the postepidemic era: a moderated mediation model.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Developing a cyberchondria severity scale to promote self-care among university students during COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- COVID-19-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Relation With Social Media Addiction Among University Students: Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out.Psychiatry investigation · 2024Article
- Mediating effects of insomnia and resilience on COVID-19-related post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in adolescents.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The relationship between corona disease anxiety and sleep disturbances and suicidal ideation in medical staff: The mediating role of resiliency and cognitive flexibility: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2024Article
- The impact of distance education on the socialization of college students in the Covid-19 era: problems in communication and impact on mental health.BMC medical education · 2024Article
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- Anxiety as a predictor of the age of initiation of tobacco and cannabis use in adolescents and young adults.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 10 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been evaluated in the literature, further research is needed, particularly on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological outcomes, is needed. This study aims to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, and insomnia). A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted using the following instruments: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation model (SEM), multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) modeling, and differential item functioning (DIF) were performed to analyze the collected data. According to the results, participants with PTSD (n = 360) showed a higher level of depression, anxiety, and insomnia than those without PTSD (n = 639). Among the participants, 36.5% experienced moderate to severe symptoms of depression, and 32.6% had mild depressive symptoms. Moreover, 23.7% of participants experienced moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 33.1% had mild anxiety symptoms. In addition, 51.5% of participants experienced symptoms of insomnia. In conclusion, the PTSD caused by COVID-19 is significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and insomnia at the level of latent constructs and observed variables.
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